@conference {41639,
	title = {Effect of Se-amended fertilisers on the Se status of grazing dairy cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {182-186},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {Selenium (Se) is an important trace element for dairy cattle and deficiencies (0.03 mg Se/kg DM) are associated with lowered milk yields and impaired fertility in grazing cows. As many dairy farms have a comprehensive fertiliser programme the use of Se-amended fertilisers (prills) could be an effective approach to prevent Se deficiency. Three farmlets (6-7 ha) were established and grazed with 13 cows/farmlet balanced for age, calving date and production. The treatments were 1) untreated control, 2) Sel Se prill (Selecote Ultra), and 3) Rav Se prill (Ravensdown Selprill Double). The prills were mixed with 15\% potassic superphosphate and applied at 250 kg/ha, in early October, to provide 10 g Se/ha. This is Day 1 of the study. The cows were allocated to treatments 4 weeks later and changes in pasture Se, blood Se, serum Se, milk Se concentrations and blood glutathione peroxidase activity were monitored over the next 12 months. Untreated pasture Se concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 0.04 mg/kg DM, while pastures treated with prills had pasture Se concentrations > 0.5 mg/kg DM within 14 days after treatment, before decreasing to 0.06 mg/kg DM after 121 days, after which they ranged between 0.06 and 0.26 mg Se/kg DM for the Sel prill, and between 0.06 and 0.03 mg/kg DM for the Rav Se prill over the next 251 days. The mean ({\textpm} SE) blood Se of cows grazing the control pasture was 280 {\textpm} 30 nmol/L, while in cows grazing pasture treated with the Sel Se prill blood Se concentrations increased to 1364 {\textpm} 112 nmol/L after 372 days. In the case of cows grazing pasture treated with Rav Se prill, blood Se concentrations increased to 1192 {\textpm} 66 nmol/L within 60 days, before decreasing slowly to 740 {\textpm} 65 nmol/L at 372 days. Blood glutathione peroxidase activity followed a similar pattern to the blood Se. The mean serum Se concentrations of the untreated cows was 151 nmol/L, while in animals on the Sel Se prill-treated pasture they reached a small peak at Day 64, followed by a decrease and then continued to increase to 675 nmol/L at Day 372. In contrast, for cows on the Rav Se prill treatment the serum Se concentrations reached a peak of 920 nmol/L at Day 64, and then decreased to 263 nmol/L at Day 372. Milk Se followed a similar pattern to serum Se. Selenium-amended fertilisers were found to be effective in raising the pasture Se concentrations for 4 or 12 months, depending on Se prill composition, which then in turn increased blood Se concentrations of dairy cows for at least 12 months. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and West DM}
}
@conference {41396,
	title = {A long-acting injectable Se/Vitamin B12 product to prevent Se and Co deficiency in lambs},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {18-20},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {The efficacy of a novel injectable formulation containing barium selenate (BaSeO4) and microencapsulated Vitamin B12 was evaluated in groups of lambs (n=10) over 246 days in terms of changes in blood Se and serum Vitamin B12 concentrations as well as growth responses. Mean blood Se and serum Vitamin B12 concentrations of the untreated control lambs were 125 {\textpm} 9 nmol/L and 508 {\textpm} 21 pmol/L, respectively. The formulation increased blood Se to 2100 nmol/L at day 64 before decreasing to 761 nmol/L at day 246. Likewise, serum Vitamin B12 reached a peak of 1950 pmol/L at day 31 before decreasing to 577 pmol/L at day 246. The treatment significantly increased (P<0.05) daily weight gains from 125 {\textpm} 4 to 136 {\textpm} 4 g/day. An injectable Se/Vitamin B12 product containing 12 mg Se as BaSeO4 and 3 mg Vitamin B12 per dose administered at docking was effective in increasing and maintaining the Se and Vitamin B12 status of lambs for at least 246 days. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and Knowles SO}
}
@conference {41377,
	title = {Practical considerations for diagnosis and management of Cu status of deer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {315-318},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management are essential for effective maintenance of an adequate copper (Cu) status of farmed deer. Deer with liver and serum concentrations below 60 \&micro;mol/kg fresh tissue and 5 \&micro;mol/L, respectively, are at risk of clinical disease or reduced growth rate. Deer with adequate serum Cu may have low liver Cu concentrations, but those with low serum Cu usually have low liver Cu concentrations. No sex differences in tissue Cu concentrations have been reported. Tissue Cu concentrations fluctuate seasonally, being lowest in late winter-early spring, and commonly with greater reduction from autumn to spring in adults than in younger deer. There is insufficient known about the Cu metabolism of deer to enable a prediction of future Cu status to be made. Analysis of forage is warranted as an aid to establish the underlying cause of deficiency and to assist management decisions. Oral Cu oxide wire particles and injectable Cu/EDTA are licensed animal remedies for Cu supplementation in deer. Treatment frequency depends on tissue concentrations, dietary factors, production goals and nutritional management. Recent research shows high rates of Cu sulphate application to pastures and grazing chicory can also elevate deer tissue Cu concentrations. Monitoring the efficacy of supplementation using changes in liver Cu concentrations is essential.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wilson PR and Grace ND}
}
@conference {41376,
	title = {Role and importance of trace elements in New Zealand livestock. Fact and fiction},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {311-314},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>In New Zealand as a result of extensive trace element supplementation animal response trials, an excellent database has been established on protocols to detect deficiencies, dietary trace element requirements, and the efficacy of many products to prevent deficiencies. However, situations still arise where the above information is not well evaluated or correctly implemented by some consultants and farmers.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND}
}
@conference {41276,
	title = {Effect of premating iodine supplementation of ewes fed pasture or a brassica crop prelambing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {164-167},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {On two sheep farms with different winter feeding systems, namely pasture only (farm A) or pasture then swedes or swedes/turnips/kale for 6 to 8 weeks prelambing (farm B), 700 ewes/farm were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 350 animals to assess animal performance. About 5 weeks premating, one group was injected with 390 mg iodine (as Flexidine iodised oil) intramuscularly. Iodine supplementation increased and maintained serum and milk I concentrations for at least 210 days ({\textmu}g/L; farm A, serum 43 v 65; milk 72 v 197. Farm B, serum 29 v 45; milk 26 v 132), but did not affect potential lambing percentage at scanning, perinatal mortality, or lambing percent (farm A, 140 v 150\%; farm B, 138 v 130\%). On farm A no goitre was observed among the 77 lambs postmortemed, regardless of I treatment of the ewes. On farm B goitre was observed in 85\% of the 34 lambs postmortemed from untreated ewes, but not among the 36 lambs from treated ewes. In the following year, the trial was repeated with 50 ewes/group to monitor changes in I status, and the treatment significantly increased serum I over time but had no consistent effect on serum T4 and T3 concentrations. Supplementing ewes premating with long-acting injectable I prevented goitre in newborn lambs from ewes fed swedes or swedes/turnips/kale as a winter supplement. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and Knowles SO and Sinclair GR}
}
@conference {41110,
	title = {Effect of long acting injectable vitamin B12 on the vitamin B12 status of the suckling lamb},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {168},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Treatment of lambs with a long acting microencapsulated injection of 3mg and 6mg Vitamin B12 at 3 to 4 weeks of age, at docking, will increase and maintain their Vitamin B12 status for at least 120 days. This new product has the advantage over intraruminal Co bullets which can only be administered to 10 to 12 week old lambs with a functional reticulorumen while the injectable water soluble Vitamin B12 is only effective for about 4 weeks and a Co drench is effective for about 10 days. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND}
}
@conference {41027,
	title = {Effect of zinc oxide treatment for facial eczema on the copper status of Romney sheep grazing ryegrass pastures},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {199-201},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The copper (Cu) status of grazing Romney sheep was monitored following treatment with zinc oxide (ZnO). In a series of experiments sheep of various ages were treated with ZnO as either an oral drench weekly for one year, or as an intraruminal controlled release bolus (Time CapsuleTM , AgResearch) once (on day 0) or twice (on day 0 and 40), in two consecutive years. Measurements of Cu status included Cu concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle in all animals, and liver metallothionein (MT) in sheep dosed with ZnO orally. Drenching of two-year old wethers with 12 g ZnO/week for 52 weeks did not significantly change Cu liver concentration compared to untreated control animals (mean {\textpm} SD, 1.93 {\textpm} 0.88 and 1.67 {\textpm} 0.87mmol cu/kg FW, respectively). However, administering a single 42-day intraruminal ZnO bolus to six-month old lambs resulted in decreased liver Cu concentrations after 40 days (0.96 {\textpm} 0.06 compared to 1.33 {\textpm} 0.07 mmol Cu/kg FW in controls; P<0.001). When lambs which were growing at 100g/day were treated with a second ZnO bolus and evaluated after an additional 40 days, Cu liver concentrations were reduced by a further 20\% but this change was not statistically significant (P=0.07). The variable effects of different forms of Zn treatment on liver Cu concentration are discussed in terms of duration of the dose, age of the animals, DM intake, initial Cu pool size in the liver, and Cu/Zn-binding MT. Under most conditions the benefits of ZnO as an effective facial eczema control are likely to outweigh any short term reduction in liver Cu. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rounce JR and Knowles SO and Grace ND and Lee J}
}
@conference {41026,
	title = {Variation in copper metabolism between two flocks of Romney sheep in response to increasing dietary intake of copper},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {195-198},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Differences in the Cu status of two flocks of Romney lambs were observed which suggest that lines of sheep having distinct Cu metabolism have been identified. As part of a larger study relating Cu intake to Cu status of grazing lambs, changes in concentrations of Cu in liver, plasma and other tissues, and in erythrocyte Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) were monitored for 176 days in two flocks of 50 sheep. The animals grazed on ten experimental paddocks treated with 0, 0.4 or 4 kg Cu/ha which resulted in mean pasture herbage Cu concentrations of 8 (Control), 13 (Low), and 41 (High) mg Cu/kg DM. At the start of the experiment these lambs, sourced from two Wairoa farms, had markedly different liver Cu reserves (1270 v 190 mmol Cu/kg FW, flocks H and L respectively) which could not be attributed to Cu supplementation. This difference between flocks was maintained throughout the 176 day study for sheep grazed on control pastures, through day 99 for sheep on the low pastures, and for 51 days in sheep on the high paddocks. High copper intakes increased liver Cu concentrations to as much as 4800 mmol (300 mg) Cu/kg liver FW after 99 days, with no signs of chronic Cu toxicity. Initial flock differences in liver Mo concentration (14.7 v 20.6 mmol Mo/kg FW, n=10, P<0.05) disappeared by day 51. The first measured SOD activity (day 51) in flock H was 17\% greater than that of flock L (1600 v 1370 U/g Hb, n=21, P<0.01) and this flock difference was maintained through day 142 and day 99 for sheep grazing control and low pastures, respectively. SOD activity was found to be a reasonable predictor of liver Cu stores only in sheep having low to moderate Cu intake. Had the differences in initial liver Cu concentration and in blood Cu/Zn SOD activity of the two flocks been merely a reflection of the Cu and Mo status of their respective Wairoa farms, the disparity would have been expected to diminish much more quickly than was observed in this study. Factors controlling Cu metabolism are heritable. Trials selecting for differences between flocks in liver Cu concentration are needed to establish whether these flocks are genetically distinct in the way they metabolise Cu. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Knowles SO and Rounce JR and Grace ND and Lee J}
}
@conference {40908,
	title = {Accumulation of cadmium in kidney and liver tissue in the suckling Romney lamb from parturition to early weaning.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {137-138},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {In earlier work we investigated the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in the developing foetus and compared the movement of Cd with that of zinc (Zn) into the liver and kidney. Concentrations of Cd in foetal tissue were ex-tremely low, although there was a small flux across the placenta at about 100d of development concomitant with that for Zn. There was no relationship of foetal Cd with the Cd status of the mother. It was only after parturition that Cd concentrations in liver and kidney started to increase (Rounce et al.,1995). We also showed that the rate of Cd accumulation in weaned animals was greatest at an early age when growth rates were also at or near their peak (Lee et al.,1996). The aim of this study was to define Cd accumulation in tissues of Romney neonates, as affected by relative Cd concentrations in pasture and milk from partu-rition to weaning.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rounce JR and Grace ND and Lee JL}
}
@conference {40800,
	title = {Effect of iodine supplementation on milk iodine concentrations and productivity of dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {143-145},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Iodine (I) concentrations in New Zealand pastures are low and may be  inadequate to meet the I requirements of lactating dairy cows. A trial was  undertaken with 400 cows to determine the effects of a single intra-muscular  injection of 2000 mg I (in popyseed oil) given at the beginning of lactation  on cow performance. The pasture I concentration ranged between 0.17-0.26  mg I/kg DM during of the trial and the supplement increased serum  thyroxine (T4) and milk I concentrations for 76 (P<0.05) and 170 (P<0.01)  days respectively. Iodine supplementation did not affect milk yield milk  composition or number of services per conception. To increase I status and  maintain milk I concentrations at or above 40 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and Waghorn GC and Mills AR and Death AF}
}
@conference {40703,
	title = {Metabolic changes of cadmium and zinc in kidney and liver tissue during foetal development in Romney and Merino sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {176-178},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Diseases affecting mucosal surfaces, especially gastrointestinal  disorders, cause high mortality rates in young domestic livestock.   Hyperimmune milk products, using milk secretions from ruminants  immunised systemically with enteric pathogens, have been shown to confer  passive immunity against such disorders but the results are variable. To  study the type and titre of immunoglobulin (Ig) classes produced in milk  secretions after immunisation with gut pathogens, we have developed  ELISAs for the estimation of ovine IgG and IgA antibodies directed against  E. coli. Utilising an indirect ELISAs technique, the method involved  coating antigen onto microtitre plates then sequential addition of test sample  dilutions (containing primary antibody), anti-class-specific antibody and anti-  species horse radish peroxidase labelled antibody. Colorimetric end point  detection employed 3, 3},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rounce JR and Lee J and Treloar BP and Grace ND and Sinclair BR}
}
@conference {40702,
	title = {The relationship between daily Se intakes and blood Se concentrations in pregnant dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {174-175},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {In ruminants protection against environmental pathogens in the early  post-natal period is largely dependent on passively-acquired immunity from  maternal colostrum since evidence suggests placental transfer of antibody  does not occur. Our overall aim is to develop antibody based treatments for  protection of neonatal animals. In this study we have re-examined aspects of  maternal antibody transfer to offspring especially in the light of recent  evidence that feeding specific antibodies to neonatal rats decreases  subsequent immune responses to the corresponding antigen. In experiment  1, pregnant ewes immunised with model antigen (human growth hormone)  were terminated at 135 days gestation and blood samples collected from the  ewe and fetus. Analysis of fetal plasma by antibody dilution/tracer binding  assay procedures produced no evidence of antibody transfer to the fetal  circulation via the placenta. In a further study the kinetics of specific  antibodies were examined in lambs from immunised ewes. One group of  lambs was permitted to suckle from the ewe for the duration of the trial (40  days) whereas the other group was permitted initial sucklings only, separated  from the ewe 24 hours post partum and then fed a milk substitute. Analysis  of specific antibodies titres revealed a very similar trend in both the amount  of antibody transferred to lamb plasma and its persistence with the half-life  for both groups calculated at approx. 13 days In the second experiment  lambs from ewes immunised during pregnancy against E.coli and fed  specific antibodies via maternal colostrum as neonates were compared to a  matched control group of lambs derived from non-immunised ewes for  subsequent immune responses against the same antigen. Peak antibody titres  as analysed by ELISA were lower in lambs from immunised ewes than in  control group lambs (mean titre (-log 10) 5.29 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and Mills AR and Death AF}
}
@conference {40556,
	title = {Cadmium accumulation in liver and kidney of sheep grazing ryegrass/white clover pastures},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {31-34},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Pastures growing on soils fertilised with phosphatic fertilisers 
accumulate cadmium (Cd) in their plant tops in proportion to substrate 
concentrations.  Sheep grazing pastures absorb some of this Cd.  To quantify 
the rate with which Cd is accumulated in sheep tissue, three replicated 0.4 
ha blocks were fertilised with either 333 kg/ha of single superphosphate only 
(control) or amended with CdSO4 to give 274g Cd/ha (high-Cd), and set stocked 
with 10, three months old Romney wether lambs.  Cadmium (Cd) concentrations were  
determined in liver, kidney, proximal duodenal and skeletal muscle tissue of  
sheep, ingesting either (means {\textpm} s.e.) 266{\textpm}22 (control) or 746{\textpm}58 (high-Cd) ug  
CD/day from three to six months or 290{\textpm}21 and 721{\textpm}72 ug Cd/day over six to  
eighteen months.  Cadmium concentrations in kidney and liver tissue increased  
markedly over the first three months: 0.042{\textpm}0.006 to 0.32{\textpm}0.03 (Control) and  
0.57{\textpm}0.04 (high-Cd) ug Cd/g fresh tissue, and 0.04{\textpm}0.006 to 0.12{\textpm}0.02  
(Control) and 0.31{\textpm}0.06 (high-Cd) ug Cd/g fresh tissue, for kidney and liver  
respectively.  Although total Cd content continued to increase, as organ size  
increased, over the next 12 months daily accumulation rates in both tissues  
were much lower compared with those over the first three months.  For  
example, daily Cd accumulation in kidney decreased from 0.25{\textpm}0.002 to  
0.06{\textpm}0.01 and 0.47{\textpm}0.04 to 0.32{\textpm}0.05 (ugCd/d) for sheep from the control and  
high-Cd pastures respectively.  Total Cd content in kidney and liver combined  
accounted for approximately 0.25\% of total Cd ingested by sheep age three to  
six months but this significantly decreased to 0.1\% in sheep age six to 
eighteen months. 
 
At higher Cd intakes increased metallothionein protein synthesis in kidney and  
liver tissue enabled animals to be more efficient in sequestering Cd.  This  
resulted in reduced accumulation of Cd in muscle tissue of sheep on the high- 
Cd pastures (2.0{\textpm}0.04 and 5.0{\textpm}0.08 ng Cd/g) compared with those grazing the  
control pasture (4.0{\textpm}0.6 and 14{\textpm}5 ng Cd/g) in animals from the first and  
second periods respectively. 
 
The results from this study show that it is the first few months after weaning  
that fastest uptake into kidney occurs and therefore strategies to reduce Cd  
absorption and subsequent accumulation, e.g. by increasing zinc in the diet,  
should focus on young animals. 
 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lee J and Grace ND and Rounce JR}
}
@conference {40501,
	title = {Intake and excretion of cadmium in sheep fed fresh herbage},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {251-254},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {In two trials, ewes (n=16 per group) that were potential recipients for embryo transfer grazed on a high oestrogenic red clover (Pawera), a newly developed low oestrogenic red clover (G27) and Ryegrass-White clover (Control) pastures. The ewes grazed the respective pastures during 12 days of intravaginal sponge insertion, and for a further 23 days after induced oestrus. The mean (},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and Rounce JR and Lee J}
}
@conference {40432,
	title = {Wool growth and elemental composition},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {281-284},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Six Merino wethers were used to graze six box-grown genotypes of subterranean clover in a Latin square design. Each animal was offered 2 replicates of each genotype and permitted to graze 70\% of the sward on offer.  The amount eaten was recorded at each grazing and video recordings were used to record each sheep{\textquoteright}s grazing behaviour. There were genotype differences in the rate of intake of fresh feed (g/min) with Clare (79.3 g/min) being eaten faster than the other genotypes while Trikkala (67.1 g/min) was eaten faster than both Geraldton (53.0 g/min) and Dinninup (54.9 g/min).  Similarly bite rate and dry matter (DM) per bite (bite weight) were significantly related to genotype. With Dinninup the rate of intake and DM per bite were less than expected from the measured sward characteristics while differences in sward height accounted for most of the differences recorded with Clare (20 cm tall) and Geraldton (8 cm tall). The results indicate differences in the intake response of sheep to different genotypes of subterranean clover. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lee J and Bray AR and Grace ND}
}
@conference {40305,
	title = {Effect of high and sustained zinc supplements on trace element metabolism in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {173-178},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-lac) is a component of the enzyme  complex lactose synthetase which plays a key role in the regulation of  lactose synthesis and milk water secretion. Ribozyme mediated  manipulation of alpha-lac expression should enable more precise  elucidation of its physiological significance and may lead to the  development of transgenic animals.   Five ribozymes and controls targeting different regions of the alpha-sac  gene have been synthesised and cloned. In vitro ribozyme  analysis involved the incubation of in vitro transcribed alpha-  lac and ribozyme RNA. The rate of ribozyme cleavage in vitro was  influenced by temperature, MgC1 2 concentration, length of antisense  flanking sequences and region of the alpha-lac gene targeted.   In vivo ribozyme analysis was carried out in the T7/vaccinia  expression system using C127I mouse mammary cells. This system utilises  the powerful bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase which is expressed when  cells are infected with a recombinant vaccina virus. Gene constructs,  cloned into vaccina plasmids downstream from a T7 promoter are  transfected into the cells and are transcribed and translated at very  high levels. Using this system we have identified that ribozymes that  targeted exposed stem loops and the 3{\textquoteright} end of the gene down regulated  the level of alpha-lac RNA to 10-20\% of the controls. Similar  reductions in expression of alpha-lac protein were observed for these  key ribozymes, but in addition a full length antisense was equally as  effective. The expression of these ribozymes in transgenic mice will  enable evaluation of their effectiveness to influence lactose synthesis  and milk water secretion.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lee J and Grace ND and Martell S}
}
@conference {40225,
	title = {Effect of increasing Fe intake on the Fe and Cu content of tissues in grazing sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {265-268},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The fleeces of 30,000 ewe hoggets from 12 Merino flocks were   sampled and the mean fibre diameter and clean fleece weight were   measured in 1987 and 1988 and the best were selected to establish a   superfine joint venture (SFJV) flock of 307 breeding ewes. The breeding   objective is to achieve mean fibre diameter below 17um in the adult   fleece while maintaining fleece weight and live weight. Concomitantly,   a random control flock (RC) of 101 ewes was constituted from the flocks   screened. Both flocks are farmed on MAF Technology{\textquoteright}s high country   station at Tara Hills, Omarama.     The screened SFJV flock has significantly lower live weight (p<0.01),   greasy fleece weight (p0.05), loose wool bulk (p<0.001) and mean fibre   diameter by 2 um (p<0.001). Staple length (P<0.001), staple crimp   (P<0.05) and yield (P<0.05) were significantly higher for the SFJV flock   compared with the RC flock. Wool returns of SFJV flock were $81.78/hd   and $107/hd vs $62.21/hd and $47.00/hd for RC flock in 1988 and 1989   shearing respectively    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and Lee J}
}
@conference {40150,
	title = {Multiple pregnancy diagnosis of ewes using real time ultrasonic body scanner and video-fluoroscopy systems},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {107-112},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Eighteen entire male Saanen goats (liveweight range 5 to 115 kg; carcass weight range 2 to 52 kg; age range young to mature) and 19 female (liveweight range 17 to 64 kg; carcass weight range 8 to 32 kg age range several months to mature) were slaughtered. Carcasses were dissected into fat, muscle and bone. Based on allometric regression relationships an increase in carcass weight from 10 to 30 kg was accompanied by a decline in carcass muscle from 60.5 to 59.9\% for the males, but from 61.8 to 51.5\% for females. The greater decline in muscle content for the female carcasses reflected an increase in carcass fat content from 10.6 to 33.7\%, while for male carcasses the increase was only from 11.7 to 15.5\%. Over the same increase in carcass weight, carcass bone decreased from 24.7 to 14.1\% for females, but only from 23.4 to 20.4\% for males.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and Beach AD and Quinlivan TD and Ward B}
}
@conference {40129,
	title = {Se, Cu, Zn and Fe metabolism of the young lamb},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {257-260},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and Watkinson JH}
}
@conference {39989,
	title = {An estimation of the dietary allowances of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Se for single- and twin-bearing ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {37-40},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A model that simulates lamb growth and feed consumption and makes economic assessments on export carcass grading returns is described. It simulates a flock of lambs of specified weight and sex and then, using relationships between live weight, carcass weight and GR, derives grading profiles for various drafting strategies. The option of drafting on the basis of live weight has been compared with options based on GR estimates of high, average and poor accuracy. These drafting policies were evaluated on the basis of several alternative fixed endpoints including total feed consumption, carcass weight and carcass value. Generally results obtained when drafting on GR were better than those based on live weight alone when GR was measured with high accuracy and when carcass weights were high. This model could be useful in making a wide range of evaluations and comparisons other than those reported.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND}
}
@conference {39900,
	title = {The determination of mineral requirements of sheep and cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {139-142},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Factors to be considered in implementing a programme for the prevention and treatment of trace element deficiencies in livestock are outlined. These are species, age, dietary requirements, seasonal patterns in the deficiency, the pharmacology of the therapeutic agent, its mode of administration and cost. Specific treatment of cobalt, selenium and copper deficiency is discussed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND}
}
@conference {39839,
	title = {Quantities of zinc, copper, manganese and iron associated with body weight gain and wool growth of young sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1983},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {127-130},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND}
}
@conference {39688,
	title = {Effect of increasing phosphorus intake on the P faecal endogenous loss in the sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {221-225},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND}
}
@conference {39460,
	title = {The distribution of Mg in the digesta of sheep fed fresh pasture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1975},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {47-50},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and Davies E}
}
@conference {39397,
	title = {The effect of soil ingestion on the Mg and Ca metabolism of sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1973},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {164-165},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND and Healy WB}
}
@conference {39360,
	title = {Studies on the Movement of Mg, Ca, P, Na and K Across the Gut Wall of Sheep Fed Fresh Pasture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1972},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {77-84},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND}
}
@conference {39291,
	title = {Magnesium absorption in the digestive tract of sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1970},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {21},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grace ND}
}
