@conference {41915,
	title = {Mycotoxin poisoning in grazing livestock in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {300-306},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {A number of mycotoxicoses including facial eczema, ryegrass staggers, paspalum staggers and zearalenone infertility affect grazing livestock, causing death and reducing productivity. While production losses associated with clinical disease are well recognised, losses associated with subclinical disease are not recognised and most farmers take few or no precautions against the diseases and consequently accept lower productivity levels as {\textquoteleft}normal{\textquoteleft}. For most mycotoxicoses there are no antidotes. Long-term research projects, some lasting decades, have led to the development of a number of control measures for particular diseases, especially facial eczema and ryegrass staggers. These measures depend primarily on identifying and avoiding toxic pastures, or reducing their impact. Under the current funding regimes, where funders seek quick returns, it is unlikely that many of these now widely used control methods would have come to fruition. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Towers NR}
}
@conference {41842,
	title = {Zearalenone challenge in sheep : variation in ovulation rate},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {320-323},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Zearalenone is a fungal toxin produced by Fusarium species commonly found on autumn pastures in New Zealand, and it may interfere with reproductive functions in sheep. We have measured both ovulation rate after challenge with zearalenone, and also a metabolic indicator, Zen/Cr (the concentration of zearalenone and its breakdown products (Zen) in urine, after adjustment for urinary volume using creatinine concentration (Cr)). A small self-replacing flock of Coopworth ewes was used for the study. This paper reports a preliminary assessment of whether Zen/Cr might be an equivalent but cheaper method than laparoscopic ovulation rate for measuring an animal{\textquoteleft}s resistance to zearalenone. Ovulation rates were determined in ewes in autumn before dosing (Lap1; Years 1 and 2), and after dosing (Lap2; Years 1 to 4) with 10 mg zearalenone per animal per day for 6 days. The average reduction in ovulation rate following dosing (Years 1 and 2: Lap1 minus Lap2) was 0.60 ovulations or 31\% of the mean. Lap2 was used for the present correlation analyses. The heritability of Lap2 was estimated (0.11 {\textpm} 0.09), and breeding values (BVs) for Lap2 were determined. Subsequent to the laparoscopy, the ewes were mated at pasture, and the resulting natural litter sizes were monitored in relation to BVs for ovulation rate after challenge. Urine samples were taken during and after dosing in Years 3 and 4, to measure Zen/Cr, and a heritability for Zen/Cr (0.32 {\textpm} 0.10) was estimated from these and other Zen/Cr data. Preliminary analyses of BVs for Lap2 and Zen/Cr revealed a negative correlation between them (r = - 0.55). Ewes with higher BVs for ovulation rate also had higher mean litter sizes following natural ovulation. In conclusion, zearalenone affects ovulation rate at moderate challenge levels, and this ovulation rate may be negatively related to the concentration of measurable urinary zearalenone metabolites.
KEYWORDS: sheep; zearalenone; dose rate; ovulation; heritability. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Morris CA and Amyes NC and Smith JF and Sprosen JM and Towers NR}
}
@conference {41347,
	title = {Ryegrass staggers: genetics accounts for a six-fold difference in susceptibility between selection lines of lambs at Ruakura},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {191-194},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Ryegrass staggers (RGS) is a neuromuscular syndrome affecting susceptible ruminants when they graze perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) containing the mycotoxin-producing endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii. Genetic selection for divergence in RGS susceptibility began in 1993 at Ruakura in Romney-cross sheep, with single-trait RGS selection lines for resistance (R) and susceptibility (S) being established. Stock from both lines are repeatedly challenged when grazing together on high-toxin endophyte pastures, and scored for RGS. Lambs and {\textquoteleft}yearling{\textquoteleft} females (16 to 18 months of age) have been recorded each year, as well as breeding ewes and yearling rams in some years. Results up to the 2000 lamb crop are reported here, as well as preliminary records from the 2000 born yearling females. In the 2000 born lambs (n=61), 14\% and 88\% of the R and S lines showed clinical RGS, respectively (P<0.01). In the 1999 yearling ewes (n=48), corresponding percentages by line were 0 and 66\% respectively (P<0.01), whilst for the 2000 yearling ewes (n=18) percentages were 0 and 63\%, respectively (P<0.01). Line-crosses, born and reared together with the R- and S-line animals, had levels of clinical RGS between those of the corresponding R and S lines. From restricted-maximum-likelihood analyses, the single-record heritability for RGS in all stock classes was 0.17 {\textpm} 0.02, and the repeatability (between animals across years) was 0.28 {\textpm} 0.02. Breeding value estimates suggest that most of the divergence between lines has resulted from genetic change in the S line, but the genetic mechanism is not yet clear. Reasons for this asymmetry include: (1) greater genetic and phenotypic variation in the S line than in the R line, following a given challenge; (2) greater selection intensity applied in the S line; and (3) a major gene might be present, with an allele for resistance which is recessive or partially recessive. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Aymes NC and Morris CA and Towers NR}
}
@conference {41015,
	title = {Preliminary results of selecting sheep for resistance or susceptibility to ryegrass staggers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {154-156},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Ryegrass staggers (RGS) is a neurotoxic disease in ruminants caused by the mycotoxin lolitrem B, found in endophyte-infected swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). This paper reviews genetic studies on the incidence of RGS at Ruakura, and the early responses to selection achieved since 1993. Using a coarse 0 or 1 criterion only, the incidence of RGS each year was recorded on weaned lambs (born in 1988-92), 2-tooths and all mixed-aged ewes, between January and March of each year 1989-93. Clinical cases of RGS occurred in 17 of 25 contemporary groups, with incidences per group up to 0.16. With 3587 records from 2307 animals representing 232 sires, animal-model restricted maximum likelihood estimates of heritability and across-year repeatability for RGS incidence were 0.068 {\textpm} 0.028 and 0.24 {\textpm} 0.05 respectively. Breeding value data were used to screen ewes and 2-tooths in 1993 into resistant and susceptible selection flocks, and to allocate elite rams for mating. Over the 1993-97 mating years, 14 and 12 rams have been used in the two flocks, respectively (11 of these twice or more). There was no significant effect of gender on incidence of RGS. From the most recent completed recording year (i.e. 1996-born lambs), 82 resistant-flock and 56 susceptible-flock animals had RGS incidences of 0.20 and 0.75 respectively (P<0.001). One hundred and eighty-five first-crosses between the two selection lines were also generated in 1996 and 1997, which may eventually provide more evidence on the mode of inheritance. The selection flocks are being continued. The selection response so far indicates that genetic differences in RGS susceptibility can be achieved while using recording under extensive conditions. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Morris CA and Towers NR and Amyes NC and Wheeler M}
}
@conference {40785,
	title = {Faecal nematode egg counts and facial eczema susceptibility in Romneys},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {84-86},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A study was carried out in two groups of flocks to estimate the  relationship between susceptibility to facial eczema (FE) and susceptibility  to nematode parasites. Faecal egg count (FEC) data on lambs born in 1989- 92 from 53 sire groups were collected on the Ruakura Romney flocks which  have been divergently selected for resistance/susceptibility to FE. In  addition, the Romney flocks selected at Rotomahana/Tokanui Stations for  resistance/susceptibility to FEC were sampled to provide the converse (i.e.  FE data) on lambs born in 1988 and 1989, and representing 43 sires. Faecal  samples for FEC were collected from lambs in January and March  (separated by an anthelmintic treatment) and the FEC data were analysed  using a loge transformation. FE susceptibilities, using the enzyme gamma- glutamyltransferase (GGT) as an indicator, were obtained in the FE flocks at  Ruakura after an oral sporidesmin challenge in May, and in the FEC flocks  at Tokanui after unintentional field challenge; the GGT data were also  analysed using a loge transformation. The weighted average heritabilities of  loge GGT and loge (FEC+100) were 0.44},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Morris CA and Towers NR and Watson TG and Wheeler M and Amyes NC and Hosking BC}
}
@conference {40553,
	title = {Hepatic protein variation among Romneys selected for resistance or susceptibility to sporidesmin-induced liver damage. A quantitative two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis study},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {19-22},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Quantitative two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has  
been used to search for variation among liver proteins in flocks of sheep 
which had been selected for either resistance or susceptibility to sporidesmin- 
induced liver damage.  The goal was identification of proteins whose DNA 
sequences might be used to select animals for resistance to facial eczema.  
The quantitative gel techniques were used because of their ability to detect  
variability among many proteins in a single tissue sample.  Differences in  
relative proportion were tested for 62 proteins among 5 ewes from each of the  
resistant and susceptible flocks.  There were 7 proteins which showed  
statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the flocks.  When an  
analysis was made of changes in the relative proportions of proteins 2 days  
after experimental challenge of resistant flock ewes (n=8) with sporidesmin,  
0.13 mg per kg body weight, 25 of 79 liver proteins showed significant change  
(P<0.05).  This included partial loss of a 25 kDa, pI 5.7, protein which was 
also three times more abundant in undosed susceptible than undosed resistant  
females.  These results are discussed in terms of the possible relationships  
between protein variation and the magnitude of toxic tissue damage. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lu YF and Morris CA and Towers NR and Jordan TW}
}
@conference {40614,
	title = {Selection for or against facial eczema susceptibility in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {263-266},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Facial Eczema (FE) in sheep is associated with liver damage and  
considerable production losses.  Romney flocks, resistant (R) and susceptible  
(S) to FE were established at Ruakura in 1975; a control (C) and a second  
resistant (R2) flock were added after 1981, the R and R2 flocks were  
merged in 1988, and three flocks (R, C, and S) still exist.  Progeny testing  
was carried out in early years for ram selection, and performance testing was  
used after 1981.  The R flock was dosed with sporidesmin in most years since  
1981 at 0.15 mg/kg live weight, with the dose rate for the S flock initially  
0.066 mg/kg and now reduced to 0.04 mg/kg.  The C flock was divided into two  
groups, with one group dosed at 0.15 and one at 0.04 mg/kg, to provide an  
indirect comparison of the R and S flocks.  Blood samples were taken after  
dosing to monitor liver damage via plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)  
concentration.  Loge GGT levels increase in proportion to increasing severity  
of liver damage.  Thus, changes in mean loge GGT value reflect changes in  
relative susceptibility or resistance, with negative changes indicating  
increasing resistance. 
 
Two distinct peaks appear in the loge GGT distribution, centred around values  
of about 40 and 500 international units (i.u./l) for both the R and S flocks.  The  
selection flocks differ in the proportions of animals at each peak, suggesting  
that the R and S flocks may be indirectly compared via the C flock although  
different dose rates were used.  Annual divergence in loge GGT in the R flock  
relative to the C flock was -0.081{\textpm}0.047 i.u./l, and the R-flock difference from  
control in the most recent years averaged -1.24{\textpm}0.14 i.u./l.  Divergence of the  
S flock from the C flock was more variable from year to year and the S-flock  
difference from control for the last 6 years averaged 0.48{\textpm}0.11 i.u./l. 
 
A total of 101 industry flocks have used the commercial FE testing service,  
Ramguard, with 9 of them testing for at least 10 years.  A comparison with the  
Ruakura R-flock response was obtained from one such flock selecting for  
production traits and FE resistance since 1979.  Their GGT trend was 34\% of  
the R-flock trend, indicating that less but worthwhile genetic progress has been  
obtained from using a selection programme with a multiple objective. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Morris CA and Towers NR and Wesselink C and Wheeler M}
}
@conference {40223,
	title = {Facial eczema in Jersey cattle: heritability and correlation with production},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {255-260},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Fifty-eight possums (28 male, 30 female) were captured from the   wild. Animals were grouped into ages of 1, 2-4 and 5+ years. Males   were always heavier than females of the same age, while carcass weight   increased significantly with age up to 5+ years. Age had a more   pronounced effect on carcass composition and meat quality than sex. At   all ages, and in both sexes, possums produced carcasses which were high   in dissected lean (78-80\%) and low in fat (0.8-2.6\%). Their meat was   very high in protein (24-26\%) and low in fat (1.4-2.0\%). Tenderometer   results showed that all age groups produced meat which would be rated as   acceptably tender.    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Morris CA and Towers NR and Tempero HJ and Cox NR and Henderson HV}
}
@conference {40106,
	title = {Ovulation rates in ewes selected for resistance to facial eczema and the effect of exposure to zearalenone},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {135-138},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Three mobs of mixed age Saanen milking does (n=15) were grazed separately on 3 suites of paddocks during the spring-summer lactation season between 1984 and 1985. Animals within mobs were drenched at 21 d intervals according to manufacturer{\textquoteright}s recommended dose rates with 1 of either ivermectin, oxfendazole or morantel. Ivermectin was given to all stock while not lactating. Seasonal patterns in faecal nematode egg count (FEC) were similar across all 3 groups. FEC regain measured 7 d after drenching suggested that effectiveness of the drench depended on the type used. Faecal cultures indicated that Ostertagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were dominant during the summer months. Does with kids at foot were turned out for 76 d as tracers on the various suites at the end of the first trial. At slaughter, the dominant genus found was Ostertagia while appreciably fewer Trichostrongylus spp. were recovered. Significant differences in total worm burdens were detected between treatment groups. Drenching programmes appeared to have little effect on parasite control on pasture grazed solely by Saanen does. This is attributable to contamination established on pasture as well as the relative ineffectiveness of these types of drenches in this breed of goat when used at rates recommended for sheep.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Campbell AG and Towers NR and Cow NR and McGowan LT and Wesselink C}
}
@conference {40105,
	title = {Sporidesmin poisoning in ewes during late pregnancy},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {131-134},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Forty-eight animals were allocated to 1 of 3 treatments (C = continuous growth; I = infected with 4000 larvae/d of Trichostrongylus colubriformis; P= individually paired with I animals for change in live weight) in a serial slaughter experiment examining the effects of intestinal parasitism on bone and muscle in young growing sheep (25 to 45 kg). Both I and P groups were nutritionally rehabilitated after the I group had undergone an 83 d period of infection. While I and P groups underwent similar changes in live weight during the period of infection, feed intake of the P group became progressively less than that of the I group. By the end of infection I animals were consuming approximately 30\% more feed than P animals. During the period of infection both I and P groups lost live weight. Of the body chemical components, fat was depleted to the greatest degree (48\% loss) followed by protein (23\% loss). While bone displayed growth in external linear dimensions (length = +4\%; diameter = +6\%) there were significant reductions in protein (22\%) and cortex width (33\%). In contrast muscle showed decreases in all chemical components and in diameter. This greater effect on muscle was exaggerated in the I group. Infection led to greater reductions in muscle protein (45\% v 34\% (I v P)) and muscle diameter (19\% v 8\%). There were no appreciable differences between the I and P groups for changes in bone variables. While specific effects of infection on growth of muscle were found, change in most variables was largely attributable to the general restriction in growth consequent upon undernutrition. Subsequent to the period of parasitic infection, compensatory growth occurred such that muscle recovered relative to bone. There was some evidence that full recovery of muscle relative to bone was delayed in animals recovering from a parasitic infection.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McMillan WH and Dockrill G and Towers NR}
}
@conference {40035,
	title = {The cause of reproductive loss in Gisborne-East Coast ewe flocks},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {251-254},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The relationship between lamb growth rate and ewe milk yield was examined using 213 ewe-lamb sets in 6 experiments. Factors included ewe breed, lamb rearing status, herbage allowance, lambing date and season. Lamb growth and ewe milk production were greater for twin- than single- lamb groups, for Dorset than Romney ewe breeds and for late than early lambing dates. Ewe live weight showed the reverse trend. Regression parameters indicated lamb growth rate was generally more dependent on milk supply during the first 6 than during 12 weeks of lactation. The exception was Romney ewes with low milk production rearing twin lambs. Comparisons among groups of regression coefficients and nominal ordinates (i.e. growth rate at low milk yield) showed that twin lambs were proportionately more dependent on pasture for growth than singles as were lambs reared by Romney compared with Dorset ewes. Similarly, a high herbage allowance, good seasonal pasture growth and a late lambing date caused a greater contribution of pasture to lamb growth. However, among groups there was much variability in the relationship and generally lamb live-weight gain was a poor indicating of ewe milk yield (approx. r},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jagusch KT and Gray MM and MacLean KS and Towers NR and di Menna ME and McMillan WH}
}
@conference {39960,
	title = {Effects of facial eczema on ewe reproduction and ewe and lamb live weights},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {133-136},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Because preliminary evidence indicated that shearing Romney ewe hoggets in early October increased wool growth in spring-summer but had little effect on live-weight gain, an experiment was designed to quantify the feed intake, live-weight gain and wool growth of shorn and woolly hoggets in spring-summer. The design was a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial, i.e. shorn v woolly hoggets (shorn at 4, 12 and 17 months of age v shorn at 4 and 17 months) x 3 herbage allowances (1.6, 3.2 or 4.8 kg total DM/hogget/d) x 2 replicates x 2 years. The 12 mobs, each comprising 15 hoggets, were shifted twice weekly for 18 weeks, with residual DM measured and intakes estimated at each shift. Live-weight gain (LWG) and wool growth were measured every 6 weeks from early October until mid February. There were no significant differences between the shorn and woolly hoggets in residual DM (and therefore in utilisation and intake) or in LWG. The shorn hoggets grew 1 g/d more clean wool during spring-summer, i.e. a total advantage of 0.2 kg greasy. LWG and wool growth increased curvilinearly with allowance. LWG{\textquoteright}s were greatest in October-November, while wool growth was greatest in January-February. Five shorn and 4 woolly hoggets were penned outdoors in close proximity to the grazing experiment and fed a pelleted diet ad lib. for the first 6 weeks after shearing in early October. Relative to the woolly hoggets the short hoggets ate 20\% less in week 1, the same amount in week 2, and increasingly more from weeks 3 to 6 (30\% difference in week 6). The results indicate that shearing in spring does not lead to significantly higher feed intakes nor to greater LWG{\textquoteright}s, although it does results in a modest increase in wool growth.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smeaton DC and Hockey H-UP and Towers NR}
}
@conference {39901,
	title = {Diagnosis of mineral deficiencies in sheep and cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {143-146},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Results from vitamin B12 response trials are used to illustrate a methodology which it is claimed will provide a more useful interpretation of animal tissue analyses for the diagnosis of trace element deficiencies. Traditional reference ranges which divide tissue levels into the categories of responsive, marginal, and adequate are replaced by reference curves which, for a given tissue level, provide the expected response and the probability of an {\textquoteright}economic response. The approach should provide farmers and veterinarians with better information to decide on remedial action. The prospects look promising for the production of reference curves for cobalt and selenium, and hopeful for copper. It is suggested that the methodology could be applied in other biological systems involving deficiencies, in particular, to the diagnosis of phosphorus and other deficiencies in plants.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clark RG and Towers NR}
}
@conference {39905,
	title = {Sodium requirements of grazing livestock},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {155-158},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Experiments were conducted for monthly periods during the spring and summer and autumn of 1982-83 with lambs fed on pastures from limed (pH 6.1) and unlimed (pH 5.5) areas. Lambs were offered herbage allowances 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 kg DM/d on both limed and unlimed areas (10 groups of 10 lambs). Pasture composition remained similar between the 2 areas as did in vitro digestibilities of the pasture on offer. Limed pasture showed an increase in Ca and Mo and a decrease in Mn compared with the unlimed. Lamb live-weight gains were similar between limed and unlimed groups at all levels of herbage allowance over the 3 seasons suggesting that herbage quantity rather than quality was the major factor affecting the growth rate of the animals.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Towers NR and Young PW and Smeaton DC}
}
@conference {39840,
	title = {Changes in the salivary sodium:potassium ratio in lactating cows in response to changes in sodium intake},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1983},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {131-134},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Towers NR}
}
@conference {39864,
	title = {Development of a performance test for the selection of rams having facial eczema-tolerate progeny},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1983},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {221-224},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Towers NR and Meyer HH and Campbell AG and Southey CA}
}
@conference {39800,
	title = {Urinary magnesium - an indicator of magnesium status/intake?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1982},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {167-168},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Animal production was measured in a grazing experiment on North Island hill country from 1975 to 1981. Two grazing managements, set stocked and rotationally grazed sheep, were compared at {\textquoteright}maintenance{\textquoteright} fertiliser (LF) and {\textquoteright}high{\textquoteright} fertiliser (HF). Stocking rate increased from 6.3 to 11.3 ewes/ha and 7.3 to 15.1 ewes/ha on LF and HF respectively with no decline in per animal production. HF gave 30\% more wool/ha and 36\% more weaned lamb weight/ha as a results of the increased stocking rate. There were no fertiliser x management interactions. Management effects were inconclusive. At lower stocking rates set stocking increased ewe mating live weight, increased lambing percentage, increased lamb weaning live weight and hence increased weaned lamb weight/ha. However, at the highest stocking rate rotationally grazed ewes lost less live weight in late pregnancy and had higher lamb weight/ha.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Towers NR}
}
@conference {39624,
	title = {The effect of time of shearing on plasma gamma glutamyltransferase levels after a facial eczema outbreak},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1979},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {103-105},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith ME and Towers NR and Giles KH}
}
