@conference {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: An investigation of automated measures for assessing pain-induced distress in dairy calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {103-105},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {Dairy calves are routinely disbudded using hot-iron
cautery without pain relief in New Zealand, and studies have
shown this procedure causes physiological and behavioural
changes indicative of pain (Stafford \& Mellor, 2011). To
evaluate the effectiveness of different pain mitigation
strategies during routine husbandry procedures (e.g.,
disbudding), intensive physiological and/or behavioural
studies are needed. The limitations of these measures are
that the methods (e.g., blood sampling) can cause animal
stress and analysis of behaviour video recordings is labour
intensive. Automated, non-invasive measures of behaviour
are now available, such as feeding behaviour provided
by automatic calf feeding systems (ACF) and activity,
recorded using accelerometers (e.g., Hobo data loggers).
Feeding and lying behaviours are altered in calves in
response to stress and/or pain during procedures such as
hot-iron cautery disbudding (Graf \& Senn, 1999; Bates et
al. 2015). It is well documented that this procedure causes
significant pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
determine if behavioural data collected from ACF and
Hobo data loggers could be used as an indicator of paininduced
distress in dairy calves.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sutherland MA and Lowe GL and Huddart FJ and Stewart M}
}
@conference {41733,
	title = {The use of diazepam as a pharmacological method for evaluating anxiety in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {232-236},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to examine the effects of diazepam, an anti-anxiety drug, on the fear responses of sheep and its usefulness as a pharmacological method to study welfare. Fourteen, eight month old Romney ewes were randomly assigned to two treatments and injected via jugular venepuncture with diazepam (0.37mg/kg) or saline (controls) 20 minutes before exposure to a barking dog. Heart rate (bpm) and escape attempts were recorded throughout a 10 minute period before injection (baseline), 20 minutes post injection and 15 minutes following the dog. Average heart rate was lower in diazepam-treated sheep during the first 5 minutes following injection (P<0.01) and was significantly higher (P<0.01) for both diazepam and saline-treated sheep during the 5 minutes following exposure to the dog compared to baseline (+23.1 and +21.5 bpm for diazepam and saline respectively). Heart rate then decreased back to baseline levels during the last 10 minutes. Diazepam-treated sheep tended to have a higher number of escape attempts during the 5 minutes following exposure to the dog (P=0.08) compared to controls, suggesting that diazepam may have paradoxically increased anxiety in some sheep. The lack of differences between treatments suggests that diazepam did not modify the fear response of sheep to a dog. There appear to be interpretive difficulties associated with dose rates and the appropriate fear model in the use of diazepam to study anxiety in sheep.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stewart M and Webster JR and Dowling SK and Stafford KJ and Huddart FJ}
}
