@article {3672,
	title = {Technical note: A comparison of editing criteria for lying-behaviour data derived from three-dimensional accelerometer devices on grazing dairy cows},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {8-13},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {Shorter, more-frequent lying bouts (LB) could be used to predict calving and as an indicator of animal discomfort and ill-health. In
this technical study, we reviewed the literature to describe criteria for removing false short LB, caused by minor movements, from
accelerometer data using IceRobotics technology. Using an existing dataset of grazing cows, we compared unedited with edited
accelerometer data after applying three different LB thresholds (LB <33 s, <=2 min, and <4 min were removed) within IceQube
and IceTag accelerometers. Daily lying time, LB (no./d) and LB duration were derived from either IceQube or IceTag devices
for 146 and 159 multiparous cows, respectively. Very-short LB were more common in IceTag than IceQube data. Applying a
shorter LB criterion (<33 s) to the IceQube dataset produced minimal differences between unedited (8.8{\textpm}3.6 no./d; n=64,512 lying
records) and edited data (8.3{\textpm}3.4 no./d; n=60,463). In contrast, we observed large differences between unedited (307{\textpm}293 no./d;
n=2,305,693) and edited data (8.8{\textpm}4.1 no./d; n=66,139) when a longer LB criterion (<=2 min) was applied to the IceTag dataset.
Removing short LB that are unlikely to represent true behaviour will improve the interpretation of lying behaviour data; however,
prospective studies are needed to determine the most-suitable LB criterion.

Keywords: lying behaviour; grazing cows; accelerometer},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hendriks SJ and Phyn CVC and Turner S-A and Mueller KR and Kuhn-Sherlock B and Donaghy DJ and Huzzey JM and Roche JR}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Contract session: An overview of postpartum hyperketonaemia and its association with cow health and performance in pasture-based dairy systems},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {104-106},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {Following calving, dairy cows undergo a period of negative energy balance during which they mobilise body tissue (such as fat) to support the demands of lactation. When the negative energy balance is severe, the inability of the liver to process all the mobilised fatty acids can lead to hepatic lipidosis (i.e., fatty liver disease) and incomplete fatty acid oxidation. The latter results in the hepatic production of ketone bodies, predominantly β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), which are released into the circulation as the product of ketogenesis. The increased concentration of ketones in blood is known as hyperketonaemia...},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Phyn CVC and Kuhn-Sherlock B and Turner S-A and Grala TM and Burke CR and Roche JR}
}
@conference {41800,
	title = {Effect of dry cow management on teat end bacterial contamination},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {92-95},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Two stock management practices were investigated for their effect on transfer of bacteria from the environment onto teat ends of dry dairy cows. Cows (n = 20) were required to walk or trot along races (1.2 km) deemed to be "clean" or "dirty". Cows walked along "clean" or "dirty" races were similar in dirtiness of the udder, and bacterial loading of the teats. Cows that trotted along {\textquoteleft}dirty{\textquoteleft} races showed a significant increase in degree of dirtiness of the teats and legs, and increased contamination of teats with coliform bacteria. Cows grazed for 24 hour periods using standard break-fencing systems, with (n = 20) or without (n = 20) the addition of back-fencing were assessed for the number and type of bacteria present on teat-ends. Cows that grazed paddocks with back-fencing had visually dirtier udders, but there was no difference in bacterial contamination of teats compared to those cows grazed without back-fencing. These studies suggest that the risk of bacterial contamination, and by extrapolation, risk of intra-mammary infection, may be mitigated by the speed with which cows are moved along races. However, grazing on muddy, soiled paddocks should not be discounted as a significant risk factor for mastitis. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and Williamson JH and Lacy-Hulbert SJ}
}
@conference {42049,
	title = {Effect of genotype and concentrate supplementation on dairy product mix and the value of milk produced by grazing dairy cows during an extended lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {79-83},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Dairy product mix and milk value were investigated in Holstein-Friesian cows of New Zealand or overseas origin that grazed pasture and were supplemented with 0, 3 or 6 kg DM concentrate/cow/day during a 600-day extended lactation. A dairy product supply chain model was used to predict relative changes in dairy product mix and milk value during the "extended period" (300 to 600 days in milk) compared with the "normal period" (0 to 300 days in milk). Cow genotype and level of concentrate supplement affected dairy product yields, with little consistency of effect between "normal" and "extended" periods. Milk produced during the "extended period" resulted in more cheese, butter, butter milk powder, casein, and whey protein concentrate, but less whole milk powder, skim milk powder and whey milk powder compared to the "normal period". The overseas strain and those cows receiving higher levels of concentrates had less of a decline in whole milk powder yields associated with the "extended period". Milk value ($/L), was predicted to be 20.8\% higher during the "extended period" compared with the "normal period". These results indicate that extended lactations may improve the dairy product mix and milk value following processing. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and Phyn CVC and Kolver ES and Aspin PW and Lopez-Villalobos N}
}
@conference {41735,
	title = {Supplemental fumarate has little effect on the detailed composition of bovine milk during early lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {242-247},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {Future farming practices need to be assessed by the dairy industry for any impacts they may have on the detailed composition and processability of milk. These impacts may change the milk price a farmer receives and the milk processability,product range and product quality. The use of sodium fumarate (an organic acid) to reduce methane production from dairy cows has previously been reported. This experiment investigated the effect of intra-ruminal infusions of sodium fumarate on the detailed composition of milk from dairy cows. Fumarate (5\% of daily dry matter intake) was infused into 8 lactating cows while 8 cows received infusions of water as a control. Milksamples were collected during a covariate period, then again following a 16-day treatment period, of which cows were housed indoors for the last 9 days. Gross composition of milk and other production parameters have been presented previously. Milk yield, fat and protein were not affected but lactose concentrations were significantly higher in the milk of cows receiving the fumarate. In the current study, none of the individual casein proteinsmeasured showed an effect of treatment. Of the whey proteins examined, concentrations of α-lactalbumin (α-La) were higher (1.07 vs. 0.98 mg/mL; sed 0.038; P < 0.05) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrations were lower (214.6 vs. 251.0 mg/L; sed 15.1; P < 0.05) in the milk of cows receiving fumarate. None of the individual fatty acids or minerals examined showed a treatment effect. The addition of sodium fumarate to the diet of dairy cows in early lactation does not have a major influence on the composition of milk, suggesting that the product could be used with minimal impact on milk composition and product quality at this early stage of lactation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and Aspin PW and Kolver ES}
}
@conference {41934,
	title = {Effect of cow genotype and feed allowance on milk composition},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {397-402},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The effect of strain of Holstein-Friesian and level of feed allowance on milk composition, individual milk proteins, and minerals was examined in a seasonal calving pastoral dairying system. The trial included two high genetic merit strains of either North American (OS90) or NZ (NZ90) genetics, and one strain representing NZ 1970{\textquoteright}s genetics (NZ70). Each strain was farmed under systems designed to provide total feed allowances of 4.5 to 7.0 t DM/cow/year. Milk composition was affected by strain of cow and by feed allowance. Strain of cow influenced crude protein (P<0.05), true protein (P<0.01) and casein (P<0.01) concentrations, with the NZ90 and OS90 strains having higher concentrations than the NZ70 strain. Increased feed allowance resulted in increased crude protein (P<0.05), true protein (P<0.05) and casein (P<0.05) concentrations. Strain, but not increased feed allowance affected the protein:fat ratio, with the OS90 strain having a higher ratio (P<0.05) than the NZ strains. Strain altered concentrations of {\'a}-casein (P<0.05), with NZ90 having the highest concentrations and NZ70 the lowest concentrations. No consistent effect of strain or feed allowance was determined on whey proteins except for {\^a}-lactoglobulin (P<0.027), where the OS90 strain had higher concentrations than the NZ strains. No consistent effect of strain or increasing feed allowance was seen on milk mineral concentrations. These results demonstrate that different selection and breeding policies have influenced major milk components which may influence milk processing and product characteristics. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and MacDonald KA and Back PJ and Thomson NA}
}
@conference {41835,
	title = {Condensed tannins in birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) affect the detailed composition of milk from dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {283-289},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Feeding birdsfoot trefoil (lotus, Lotus corniculatus) to dairy cows increases milk solids production and reduces methane production relative to ryegrass pasture. This study has measured the affect of lotus and lotus condensed tannins (CT) on milk protein and lipid composition. The trial involved 32 Friesian dairy cows offered either good quality perennial ryegrass pasture or lotus. Half of the cows given each diet were drenched with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to inactivate the CT. A daily milk sample was collected from all cows prior to and towards the end of the treatment period. Gross milk fat and milk protein concentrations were similar for cows fed lotus or ryegrass. Neither feed, nor CT affected individual proteins in the milk with the exception of lactoferrin (Lf) where the CT in lotus increased concentrations (138 vs 76 mg/l; P < 0.01). Forage type affected the composition of fatty acids (FA) in the milk with cows gazing lotus having higher concentrations of de novo synthesised (C4:0-C15:0; 28.3\% vs 26.7\%; P < 0.01) and lower concentrations of pre-formed (C17:0 and longer; 34.5\% vs 39.0\%; P < 0.05) FA than those grazing ryegrass. The CT in lotus appeared to affect ruminal biohydrogenation of FA, decreasing the concentration of saturated FA in the milk fat, and increasing in the concentrations of the omega-3 FA (1.5\% vs 1.1\%; P < 0.01). Changes in the saturation and proportions of FA may affect processing characteristics and functionality of milk from cows fed lotus. CT in lotus may also provide potential new avenues for increasing milk value on-farm.
KEYWORDS: detailed milk composition; Lotus corniculatus; condensed tannins. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and Waghorn GC and Woodward SL and Thomson NA}
}
@conference {41834,
	title = {The effect of genotype on milk composition, milk value and dairy farm profitability},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {276-282},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {This study was conducted to determine the effect of genotype on milk composition, milk value and economic farm surplus (EFS). The trial included two high breeding worth ($BW) strains of either North American (OS90) or New Zealand (NZ) (NZ90) genetics, and one low $BW strain of NZ genetics (NZ70). Each strain was farmed under systems designed to provide total feed allowances of 4.5 to 7.0 t DM/cow/year. For two years (2001/2002 \& 2002/2003) monthly average milk yield and composition were determined for each of the 11 herds. A simulation model was used to calculate milk value using three product mixes. Using either the simulated values or actual values (paid by Fonterra 2002/2003) for milk and its components, milk value ($/litre and $/kg milksolids (MS)) and an EFS for each herd was determined. The OS90 strain produced milk with lower concentrations of fat and protein and higher protein:fat ratio than NZ70 or NZ90 strains. The effect of strain on milk price was unaffected by product mix. Milk value differed between strains irrespective of method of determination. Milk value expressed as $/kg MS was lowest for the NZ70 and highest (P < 0.001) for the OS90 strain. When expressed as $/litre milk value was highest (P < 0.001) for the NZ90 strain. Milk value expressed as $/kg MS was positively associated with protein:fat ratio whereas milk value expressed as $/litre was positively associated with MS concentration. Average EFS was greater for the NZ90 than the NZ70 strain and was least for the OS90 strain. The factors associated with EFS were MS production; milk value and milk composition had minimal impact. New Zealand{\textquoteright}s dairy cattle breeding programme has produced a strain of Holstein- Friesian with increased milk fat and protein concentration, an increased protein:fat ratio, and an associated increased milk value and increased EFS. In comparison, the OS90 strain which the current $BW index ranks as high as the NZ90, produced milk with higher value ($/kg MS) but resulted in lower EFS.
Key words: milk price; milk value; milk composition; economic farm surplus. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Thomson NA and Turner S-A and Glassey CB and Lopez-Villalobos N}
}
@conference {41836,
	title = {A model system to investigate the regulation of lactoferrin production by the bovine mammary gland},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {290-296},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Lactoferrin (Lf) is a high value, low concentration protein found in milk. Lf concentrations are found to increase during mastitis. This study was instigated to investigate if the effect of inducing sterile inflammation of the mammary gland, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of bacterial cell walls, would be a useful physiological model to study the production of Lf. Ten multiparous Friesian-Jersey cross-bred (FxJ) cows (approximately 200 days in milk) with no recent history of mastitis were utilised. All cows were milked on an individual quarter basis, and milk samples were collected one week prior to the treatment date to provide covariate data. Eight cows were infused via the teat canal with 10 ml saline and 10 μg LPS in 10 ml saline into 2 random quarters on each cow. The other two quarters on each cow were not treated. Two cows were untreated controls. All cows were milked twice daily with milk samples collected individually from all 4 quarters for 7 days with additional samples collected at 14 and 21 days. All milk samples were analysed for gross composition (fat, protein, lactose), somatic cell count (SCC), conductivity and Lf concentration. At the first milking after treatment, LPS treatment showed a significant effect on all milk components measured. By the 4th milking after treatment Lf concentrations were approximately 3.5 fold higher in LPS treated quarters compared with saline infused quarters, and remained elevated until 7 days after treatment. SCC remained elevated (P < 0.01) in the LPS treated quarters until day 7 also. These results show that LPS can be used to induce the production of Lf in lactating cows and therefore provides a model with which to further investigate the mechanisms that control Lf production.
KEYWORDS: lactoferrin; lipopolysaccharide; endotoxin; somatic cell count; conductivity; milk composition. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and Thomson NA}
}
@conference {41412,
	title = {Diet and genotype affect milk lactoferrin concentrations in late lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {87-90},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Although lactoferrin (Lf) is a valued milk protein, little information is available on factors that affect its concentration in milk. Milk samples were collected during late lactation to determine if diet or cow genotype affected the concentration and yield of Lf in bovine milk. Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows (n=52) of either overseas (OS) or New Zealand (NZ) ancestry were fed either an all-pasture diet or a total mixed ration (TMR). Milk samples were collected from each cow during an AM milking in early March and late April. NZHF had a higher (P<0.05) Lf concentration than OSHF even though they produced less (P<0.05) milk. Genotype did not affect Lf yield, somatic cell count or the proportion of bacteriologically negative quarters. The Lf concentration in the milk of cows fed TMR was higher (P<0.05) than cows grazing pasture in April but not in March. Cows fed TMR also produced more (P<0.05) milk and a greater (P<0.001) yield of Lf than cows grazing pasture. Diet did not affect SCC, however only cows fed TMR had any bacteriologically positive quarters. A positive within-cow correlation (P<0.001) was found between Lf and SCC. The effect of diet on the concentration of Lf in milk requires further investigation. The genotype results suggest that NZHF have higher concentrations of Lf in milk than OSHF. Naturally high concentrations allow improved extraction efficiencies of Lf during processing. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and Williamson JH and Thomson NA and Roche JR and Kolver ES}
}
@conference {41300,
	title = {Influence of milk cytokines on mammary production of nitric oxide},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-g) can stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) from mammary epithelial cells, which in turn may play a role in intramammary defence of the mammary gland. In this study, comparisons were made with the production of IFN-g stimulated NO from Comma-D cells (murine mammary epithelial cell line) and explants of mammary tissue collected from both pregnant (day 12-14 of gestation) and lactating (day 12-14 postpartum) rats. Response to IFN-g was measured as the production of nitrate and nitrite (NOx) in the culture medium. Comma-D cells and explants of mammary tissue from pregnant and lactating rats responded to treatment with 250 U/ml IFN-g with an increase in NOx of 5231, 300 and 373\% respectively. The response to IFN-y was lower (P<0.001) in explants than in Comma-D cells. Inclusion of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors aminoguanidine (100 mM) and Nw-nitro-L-arginine (1 mM) in the culture medium reduced NOx production by the Comma-D cells to 31 and 19\% of stimulated activity respectively. This suggests that Comma-D cells are a good model for investigating effects of cytokines on mammary epithelial cell production of NO, and may also provide a useful means of screening other milk bioactives for their potential role in intramammary defence. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and MacKenzie DDS and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {40985,
	title = {Variation in milk whey composition throughout lactation in cows of different Beta-lactoglobulin phenotypes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {52-54},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The association between b-lactoglobulin (β-LG) variants and milk composition throughout lactation was determined by sampling from 44 Friesian cows (22 homozygous for b-LG AA and 22 homozygous for b-LG BB) in early (day 6 postpartum), established (1-3 months postpartum) and late lactation (on the day of drying off). Results indicated that differences between β-LG AA and BB phenotype milk (expressed as a percentage of the level in phenotype AA) in concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA; -15.9\%, -32.0\%, -42.5\%) and b-LG (5.9\%, 16.0\%, 32.2\%), in early, established and late lactation respectively, increased steadily as lactation progressed. The differences in a-lactalbumin concentrations were less variable (1.2\%, -9.0\%, -9.1\%). These results provide new evidence that compositional differences are not seen between b-LG AA and BB phenotype milk until established lactation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and Auldist MJ and Molan PC and Prosser CG}
}
