@article {3672,
	title = {Strategic feeding management to mitigate enteric methane emissions and urinary nitrogen excretion},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {20-25},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {MINDY, a mechanistic and dynamic dairy cow model was used to explore strategic feeding managements in early (EL) and late lactation (LL), with the aim of reducing enteric methane (CH4 g d-1) emissions and urinary N (UN g d-1) excretion, while maintaining milk production. Strategies explored were a factorial arrangement of (1) herbage allowances (20, 30, 40, or 50 kg d-1), (2) times of herbage allocation (AM or PM), (3) supplement types (barley grain, maize grain and silage) and (4) times of supplement allocation (AM, PM, or both). A Pareto front analysis was conducted to identify {\textquoteleft}best compromise{\textquoteright} treatments. Increasing herbage allowance increased consumption of fermentable carbohydrates and N, resulting in greater CH4 and UN emissions per cow. Allocating herbage in the PM rather than the AM increased dry matter intake by 1.9 and 1.7\% and milk solids (MS) by 2.3 and 0.7\% in EL and LL, respectively. Afternoon forage allocation produced more CH4 (5.1 and 3.6\%) and less UN (4.7 and 7.8\%) in EL and LL, respectively. Morning supplement allocation on average yielded the lowest CH4 and UN emissions. Results indicate that feeding management can mitigate both UN and CH4 however, MS production can be compromised depending on stage of lactation. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garrett K and Beck MR and Gregorini P}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Effect of timing of maize silage supplementation on grazing behaviour of dairy cows during a short grazing session on a ryegrass-based herbage},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {31-34},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {The objective of this experiment was to compare rumen degradation characteristics of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover
(Trifolium repens) or plantain (Plantago lanceolata) harvested either in the morning (0700) or afternoon (1600). Fresh herbage
material from each treatment was weighed into duplicate nylon bags and incubated in four lactating Jersey {\texttimes} Friesian dairy cows
with rumen fistula. Differences in nutritive value between forage types was greater than effect of harvest time as was the effect
on rumen degradation characteristics. Plantain had faster (P<0.001) DM disappearance rates than perennial ryegrass-white clover
(12.2 vs 8.80 \%/hr). The soluble fraction was greater (P=0.001) for forages harvested in the afternoon (25.2\% of DM) than those
in the morning (15.4\% of DM) regardless of forage type. Nitrogen degradation was almost complete (>95\% of N) and similar for
all treatments (P>0.05). An interaction for effective degradability revealed there was no effect of harvest time on DM and OM for
plantain. However, perennial ryegrass-white clover harvested in the afternoon has a greater effective degradability of DM and OM
than that harvested in the morning. This suggested there is a larger influence of harvest time on some degradation characteristics
of perennial ryegrass-white clover compared with plantain.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Al-marashdeh O and Gregorini P and Edwards GR}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Re-designing New Zealand{\textquoteright}s productivist livestock production systems: Current strategies and next steps},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {132-136},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {Intensive, monotonous and specialized pastoral livestock production systems (productivist systems) are under significant pressure
to reduce environmental impacts, increase biodiversity, animal welfare, and resilience. Efficiency/substitution strategies have been
advanced to improve them, focusing on adjusting system components to reduce externalities of regulatory concern. They have
received much research attention, policy and farmer support. However, many argue environmental impacts are not sufficiently
reduced, and biodiversity, animal welfare and resilience remain unchanged. Biodiversity farming strategies have also been promoted,
based largely on their application to less productive land. They are more spatially and/or temporally complex, less specialized,
and promise to reduce multiple environmental impacts, improve support for biodiversity, animal welfare and increase resilience.
However, few systems have been designed for highly productive land, there is insufficient amount of supporting research, and
less policy support and awareness among farmers. Therefore, there is a high degree of uncertainty about their supporting farming
practices, ecosystem services, and viability. Through multi-disciplinary research teams, and holistic and expanded spatial and
temporal perspectives, Universities can play a key role in exploring, ex ante evaluating, and demonstrating new innovative system
alternatives, that reduce this uncertainty and facilitate the transition to healthier viable animal production systems.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McWilliam W and Gregorini P}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Effects of a daily dose of zeolite on rumen ammonia of lactating dairy cows consuming fresh-cut ryegrass pasture},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {137-141},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {Zeolites are aluminosilicates that can be safely fed to ruminants on a daily basis. They have a strong affinity for cations, including
ammonium (NH4
+), which creates the potential to adsorb excess ammonium released in the rumen and reduce urinary nitrogen (N)
excreted. The main objective of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the effect of a single dose of 300 g of zeolite, deposited
into the rumens of cannulated dairy cows before the main morning meal of fresh-cut ryegrass pasture, on changes in rumen
ammonium concentrations over the following 8 h. The two-week trial was a cross-over design with 12 cows, either fed ryegrass
as a sole diet (Control) or with zeolite (Zeolite). There was a consistent trend for rumen ammonium concentrations in the zeolitetreated
cows to increase more slowly over time, and were lower than control cows 8 h after the zeolite was given (P = 0.08). This
study provides some indications that a daily dose of zeolite, fed at the onset of the morning meal, may have a moderating effect on
rumen ammonium concentration, and reduce plasma urea N concentrations in lactating dairy cows fed a ryegrass-dominant diet.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Beukes PC and Gregorini P and Waghorn GC and Selbie PB}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Invited opinion paper: Ways food systems undermine choice to the detriment of herbivores and humans},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {204-211},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {Landscapes with rich arrays of forages and foodscapes with rich assortments of wholesome foods are nutrition centres and
pharmacies for herbivores and humans. Whether herbivore or human, health ensues when cultures learn to combine biochemically
rich foods into meals that nourish and satiate. Biochemically rich diets include not only energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins, but
also a host of other compounds{\textemdash}such as phenolics, terpenes, and alkaloids{\textemdash}with nutritional, prophylactic, and therapeutic benefits.
We discuss some not-so-obvious ways food systems undermine biochemically rich alternatives and choices to the detriment of
herbivores and humans. We also consider how food systems can enable individuality in form (morphology), function (physiology),
and behavior by providing biochemically rich foods. We conclude by discussing how providing a variety of wholesome foods{\textemdash}
and letting the wisdom of the body guide food selection{\textemdash}can enhance the health and well-being of herbivores and humans.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Provenza FD and Gregorini P}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Milk production and milk fatty acid composition of grazing dairy cows supplemented with fodder beet},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {6-10},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing a perennial ryegrass-based diet with fodder beet on milk production
and milk fatty acid (FA) composition, of dairy cows in early lactation. Sixty Friesian {\texttimes} Jersey cows, were blocked into six groups
of 10 cows, and groups randomly allocated to three replicates fed either 18 kg DM/day of ryegrass herbage (H), or 14.4 kg DM/
day of ryegrass herbage + 4 kg DM of harvested FB bulbs (FBB). Dry matter intake (DMI) was similar between H and FBB
(15.0{\textpm}0.77 and 14.2{\textpm}0.48 kg DM/day respectively). Although milk yield tended to be greater for H than FBB (20.0 and 18.9 kg/
day respectively; P=0.09); milk solids production was not affected by treatment (P=0.89). Supplementation with FBB increased
the saturated (80.6 versus 73.2{\textpm}0.39 g/100g FA; P<0.001) and medium chain milk FA (66.7 versus 56.2{\textpm}0.783; P<0.001) content,
compared with H. Under the conditions of the present study, our results suggest that, supplementing grazing dairy cows with FBB
in early lactation, may not improve milk production and increases the saturated FA content of milk.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fleming AE and Edwards GR and Bryant RH and Dalley DE and Gregorini P}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Plantain: It is not only the dietary content, but also how we graze it{\textellipsis}},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {151-156},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {A mechanistic and dynamic model of a grazing ruminant, MINDY, was used to explore the effect of both the proportion dietary
inclusion of plantain (PL) and its grazing management, compared with ryegrass (RG), on urinary N (UN) excretion of dairy cows.
The treatment tested were: 1) frequency of allocation and 2) dietary proportion of PL. Frequency of allocation was set by stripgrazing
(24 hrs. pasture breaks) PL or RG monocultures for 1, 5 or 10 consecutive days, allocated either after the morning (AM) or
afternoon (PM) milking. The proportion of dietary PL was set by offering either 25 or 50\% of the diet as PL monocultures allocated
either AM or PM. MINDY had greater intake of PL-containing diets than RG alone, resulting in increased N intake. However,
with the exception of the {\textquoteleft}frequency{\textquoteright} treatments, daily urinary N excretion (UN) was reduced by including PL compared with
RG alone. Plantain monocultures led to similar or lower urine volume compared with RG. Grazing RG and PL every 1 or 5 days
increased urine volume, frequency and UN compared with RG or continuous PL. Offering PL or RG in the AM compared with
PM reduced UN but reduced milk yield. This modelling exercise suggests that including PL in cattle{\textquoteright}s diet reduces UN and UN
concentration, and that the frequency and timing of its allocation help to reduce environmental impact further while maintaining
or increasing MS.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Gregorini P and Bryant RH and Beck MR and Edwards GR}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Simulating the intake and nitrogen excretion from cows grazing forages fertilised with increasing rates of nitrogen},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {141-145},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {The dry matter intake (DMI), production, and urinary nitrogen (N) excretion of dairy cows grazing forage grown under increasing
N fertiliser rates were explored using a mechanistic model of a grazing ruminant. The MINDY cow model was initialised to
represent a multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cow in late lactation (age 3.5 years, 212 days in milk). Simulated cows were
offered a common allowance (30 kg DM/cow/d) of chicory, plantain, lucerne, or perennial ryegrass, fertilised at rates of 0, 100,
200, 350 and 500 kg N/ha/y (0N, 100N etc.) for 20 days in March. Forage physical and chemical composition data were obtained
from a Waikato experimental field site. When N rate increased from 0{\textendash}500N, predicted DMI of cows grazing plantain and ryegrass
increased by 5.2 and 2.7 kg DM/cow/day (43 and 20\% increase), respectively, facilitated by increased sward height and mass, and
reduced herbage strength. Predicted DMI of cows grazing chicory peaked at 200N and, for cows grazing lucerne, declined with
N fertilisation. Intake of highly fertilised (>200N) chicory and lucerne diets were potentially affected by high herbage soluble N
content resulting in high predicted rumen ammonia concentrations (>18 mmol/L), reducing incentive for grazing. While predicted
milk production from cows grazing chicory, plantain and ryegrass increased, the efficiency of dietary N used for milk production
declined, with increasing N applied. Increasing N rate also increased predicted urine N concentration, and urinary N excretion
from simulated cows fed chicory, plantain, and ryegrass. This study suggests that N fertiliser rates of 200N for chicory, plantain
and ryegrass provides a balance between cow production and N excretion.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Minnee EMK and Bryant RH and Chapman DF and Gregorini P}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Brief Communication: In vitro fermentation characteristics of ryegrass-white clover sward containing differnt proportions of chicory},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {82-84},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {Chicory (Cichorum intybus) is a deep-rooted grazeable forage used to overcome production and nutritive value shortfalls of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) swards during summer drought periods in New Zealand (Waugh et al. 1998; Chapman et al. 2012). However, there is little and contrasting data on the proportion of chicory to be used in mixed swards to influence livestock production. For example, Golding et al. (2011) showed that feeding chicory in a mixed sward at 18{\textendash}40\% of total dry matter, increased lamb post-weaning liveweight gain (LWG) compared with a traditional ryegrass sward. On the other hand, Cheng et al. (2017) reported similar daily LWG for heifers offered a mixed sward of 50\% chicory and 50\% ryegrass-white clover or 100\% perennial ryegrass-white clover. These contrasting results justify more research on the chicory proportion in mixed swards and its effect on animal performance...},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Al-marashdeh O and Cheng L and Gregorini P and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {89260,
	title = {Modelling the effect of temporary once-a-day milking durinmg early lactation on dairy farm production and profitability},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {21-25},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {<p>The DairyNZ Whole Farm Model was used to predict the effect of temporary once-a-day (OAD) milking during the calving period on milksolids (MS) production, farm profitability and herd body condition score (BCS) at dry-off. Farms from three regions and three independent seasons were modelled for: wholeseason twice-a-day (TAD) milking of all cows (Control), OAD milking of all cows for eight days immediately post-calving and TAD milking thereafter (Col OAD), OAD milking of the herd for three weeks from the planned start of calving (PSC) and TAD milking thereafter (3 wk OAD), and OAD milking of the herd for six weeks from the PSC and TAD thereafter (6 wk OAD). Model outputs indicated MS production (kg/ha) losses of 2, 1.2 and 3.7\% and profit ($/ha) losses of 6.5, 4.5 and 11.6\% for the Col OAD, 3 wk OAD and 6 wk OAD regimes, respectively. Slight improvements in dry-off BCS were predicted for the OAD milking regimes, comparedwith the control. Milking the herd OAD for three weeks from the PSC may be the prefered strategy to offer labour, lifestyle and animal health benefits with the smallest losses of MS production and farm profit.</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Khaembah EN and Rius AG and Beukes PC and Levy G and Gregorini P and Roche JR and Kay JK and Phyn CVC}
}
@conference {60932,
	title = {Strategically reducing time on pasture: Dairy cow intake, production, welfare, and excretory behaviour},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {15-19},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {In wet spring conditions, cows are often stood off pasture reducing their pasture intake. However, studies indicate that despite reduced grazing access, pasture intake and milk production can be maintained. This study restricted daily grazing access to eight hours in early lactation to determine the effect on pasture intake, milk production, and urination distribution. Forty-eight Holstein-Friesian cows were allocated to three duplicated treatments. Cows had access to pasture for either four hours after each milking (2x4), eight hours between milkings (1x8), or for 24 hours, excluding milking times (Control). When not grazing, the 2x4 and 1x8 treatments were stood off on a bark pad. The 1x8 cows ate less pasture (10.9 kgDM/cow/d; P <0.05) than the Control (13.6 kgDM/cow/d), but the 2x4 intake (13.0 kgDM/cow/d; P = 0.46) was not different to the Control. The 1x8 and 2x4 cows produced less milk (20.2 and 21.5 kg milk/cow/d respectively; P <0.05), relative to the Control (23.3 kg milk/cow/d). Urinations on pasture and races were reduced (P <0.05) from 90\% (Control) to 62\% (1x8) and 65\% (2x4) of total urinations. Eight-hours grazing per day should be offered as two four-hour periods to maintain cow pasture intakes, although milk yields are reduced. Corresponding changes in urination distribution may have environmental benefits. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McLeod KLM and Clark CEF and Glassey CB and Gregorini P and Costall DA and Betteridge K and Jago JG}
}
@conference {60935,
	title = {Using an existing intake model to demonstrate relationships between herbage allowance, hunger drive, days in milk and actual intake in grazing dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {28-31},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {A sheep intake model was adjusted for dairy cows and used to illustrate intake in relation to inherent hunger, days in milk (DIM), and herbage allowance. Intake is predicted by an exponential function of pregrazing herbage mass, stocking density and hunger drive (k). In adjusting the model, k was re-parameterised using a data set of n = 1,198; it was then adjusted to represent intake decline from peak to end of lactation. This adjustment resulted in splitting k into a and b. Parameter a represented inherent hunger and b its persistence during lactation. The re-parameterised model was tested against an independent data set (n = 287). The square root of mean prediction error was 1.57, indicating good prediction accuracy. Data from three different cow strains, New Zealand-70 and -90 and North American-90 (n = 210, 293 and 271, respectively) were used to reestimate a and b, and to illustrate inherent hunger drive. a and b differed (P <0.01) between strains. Then, with the adjusted and re-parameterized models, the interaction effect of herbage allowance, strain, and DIM on intake were simulated. The adjusted model offers an easy-to-use tool to compare, interpret and illustrate feeding scenarios. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Gregorini P and Romera AJ and Beukes PC and Rossi JL and MacDonald KA}
}
