@conference {69463,
	title = {Effect of white clover containing high or low concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate on metabolic indicators of protein degradationin the rumen of dairy cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {23-28},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {White clover has high nutritive value, but contains excess protein relative to energy, leading to the wasteful excretion of nitrogen (N) by animals. Five cycles of divergent selection has resulted in white clover lines having high (HS) or low (LS) concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate. A grazing trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of this selection on protein utilization, using skatole and indole concentrations in the milkfat as metabolic indicators for nitrogen utilisation in the rumen. Skatole and indole arise in the rumen from the degradation of the amino acid tryptophan, and rapidly accumulate in milkfat of lactating animals fed diets rich in soluble and degradable protein. Skatole and indole concentrations were both significantly (P <0.001) lower in cows fed HS clover (356 and 84 ng/g milkfat for skatole and indole, respectively) compared to those fed the LS white clover diet (800 and 420 ng/g milkfat, respectively) suggesting protein utilisation of the HS clover was improved. Although not statistically significant in this short-term study, the trends to lower concentrations of milk urea-nitrogen and urinary-N, and the nitrogen:creatine ratio for the HS clover were in the direction expected and warrant further investigation under longer-term feeding.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Higgs RJ and Cosgrove GP and Burke JL and Lane GA and Pacheco D and Fraser K and Death AF and Ford JL}
}
@conference {41818,
	title = {Effect of once daily milking on milk flavour chemistry},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {162-163},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Indole and skatole have been associated with the "pastoral" flavour of New Zealand dairy products (Bendall, 2001). They occur at elevated levels in milk from pasture-fed cows in New Zealand, particularly in early to mid spring (Lane et al., 2002). On-farm management approaches to control skatole levels in milk could provide benefits to the industry for particular products and ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lane GA and Fraser K and Yu M and Pacheco D and Dalley DE and Hofmann LA}
}
@conference {41813,
	title = {Effects of facial eczema on skatole detoxification efficiency in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {134-137},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Facial eczema (FE) is a disease caused by the fungal toxin sporidesmin, which upon ingestion by dairy cows can cause liver damage in susceptible animals. Skatole is formed in the rumen by the breakdown of dietary protein, absorbed into blood and is cleared by metabolism in the liver to 3-methyloxindole (MOI) and 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI) and products of further oxidation and conjugation. In this study we have determined the concentrations of skatole, MOI and HMOI in the blood of dairy cows selected for their "high" gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and "low" GGT in autumn and spring. Significant differences in skatole and MOI median concentrations were found in the autumn blood between the high and low GGT groups (skatole: 11.9 and 1.1 ng/mL respectively, P <0.001; MOI: 23.9 and 11.9 ng/mL respectively, P <0.05) although there was no difference in blood HMOI levels. Similar trends were observed for animals with high GGT in both autumn and spring when compared to low autumn and spring GGT. Animals with high autumn GGT and low spring GGT also contained increased median concentrations of skatole and MOI in the spring blood compared to the low autumn and spring GGT group, suggesting a lingering effect of FE damage on liver detoxification efficiency not detected by measuring spring GGT levels. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fraser K and Lane GA and Yu M and Morris CA and Cullen NG}
}
@conference {41778,
	title = {Indole and skatole as markers for nitrogen utilisation in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {23-26},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Indole and skatole are products of amino acid degradation in the rumen which could be useful to monitor protein utilisation in grazing ruminants. Two groups ("1970s" strain and "current" strain) of mixed age Holstein Friesian cows were housed indoors and fed cut pasture for 21 days. Concentrations of indole and skatole in milk fat and of milk urea nitrogen were determined. No significant differences were observed between strains of cow for indole and skatole concentration in milk fat, but they were different (P<0.01) between sampling dates. Both indole and skatole had moderate positive (r ~0.50) correlation with the rumen degradable protein (RDP) balance, whilst skatole had a weaker (r ~0.30) correlation with crude protein intake, metabolisable protein supply and RDP supply. Indole and skatole concentrations in milk fat were more closely correlated to the estimated RDP balance in the rumen than milk urea. A large proportion of individual animal variation in milk metabolites remains unaccounted for by protein intake, and may relate to individual differences in detoxification and elimination of indole and skatole. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Pacheco D and Lane GA and Fraser K and MacDonald KA and Back PJ}
}
@conference {42019,
	title = {Effects of dietary herb supplements on sheepmeat flavour},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {413-419},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {Sheepmeat flavour is characterised by distinctive species derived odours and flavour notes derived from the diet termed as {\textquoteleft}pastoral{\textquoteright} for pasture-based farming systems. An exploratory investigation was undertaken to determine if the flavour attributesof sheepmeat could be altered by short-term dosing of sheep with fresh or concentrated herbs. Twelve animals were dosed with 9 different fresh and/or concentrated herbs over 3 days. The animals were slaughtered, sub-sampled, and chemical analyses of levels of flavour compounds in the subcutaneous fat were performed along with sensory evaluation of the meat samples by a trained panel. From the sensory evaluation of the meat samples, the two animals that received the garlic powder supplement were described by the panellists as {\textquoteleft}garlic{\textquoteright},and these samples were significantly less intense in {\textquoteleft}sheepmeat{\textquoteright} (P=0.001) and {\textquoteleft}sweet{\textquoteright} (P=0.007) flavours and also had increased {\textquoteleft}barnyard{\textquoteright} (P=0.011) and {\textquoteleft}foreign{\textquoteright} (P<0.001) flavours. Subcutaneous fat skatole and indole levels for these animals were found to be significantly higher (P<0.001) compared to those grazingryegrass. Other treatments were not significantly different in sensory evaluation. A garlic powder dose response trial was then carried out with 5 sheep receiving between 0 and 200 g/day of powder for two days. After slaughter, subcutaneous fat skatole levels were found to be elevated for animals receiving >50 g/day garlic powder. The results indicate that dosing sheep with garlic powder has a detrimental effect on the animal{\textquoteright}s ability to detoxify and remove skatole from the circulatory system, with consequent detrimental effects on the overall sensory quality of the meat. Thus a herbal dietary supplement to either mask undesirable flavours of sheep meat, or impart desirable flavours, is yet to be discovered.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fraser K and Lane GA and Kirk MR and Keogh RG and Cummings TL}
}
@conference {41864,
	title = {Clover-rich diets and production, behaviour and nutrient use by cows in late lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {42-49},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The nutritional value of legumes for high milk production is seldom captured because grazed dairy pastures in NZ typically contain insufficient legume to satisfy the cows{\textquoteright} requirements. This paper reports interim results from a project investigating novel methods of forage presentation to cows, to enhance the contribution of legume to their diet. Four groups of spring-calving cows (n=5) in late-lactation were allocated to four treatments in a balanced, cross-over design. Two treatments consisted of spatial and temporal arrangements of grass and white clover allocated to cows as follows: i) continuous free access to grass and white clover growing separately as side-by-side monocultures (G/C) and ii) grass-only at {\textquoteleft}night{\textquoteleft} between the afternoon and morning milking and clover-only during the {\textquoteleft}day{\textquoteleft} between morning and afternoon milking (GnCd). These were compared against controls of iii) a typical mixed ryegrass-white clover pasture (Mix; an industry standard) and iv) a ryegrass-only pasture (Grass; a forage standard). Cows grazed each treatment for 8 days before moving to the next treatment in the pre-determined sequence. Measurements included milk production and composition, the time spent grazing during the day and the night (separately for grass and white clover in G/C) and the concentrations in the milk of skatole and indole, as metabolic indicators of nutrient acquisition and utilisation in the contrasting forage treatments. Cows offered G/C or GnCd produced 19.4 and 17.9 kg milk/cow/day, respectively, compared with 15.0 and 14.6 kg/cow/day when offered Mix or Grass, respectively (P=0.01, SEM=0.74). The diurnal distribution of grazing was influenced by pasture treatment (treatment x time interaction P <0.001). Cows on G/C grazed proportionately more at {\textquoteleft}night{\textquoteright} and cows on GnCd proportionately less at {\textquoteleft}night{\textquoteright} compared with Grass or Mix. GnCd constrained the cows to spend less time grazing clover than those offered G/C (245 vs. 408 mins grazing clover during 24 hrs) and more time grazing grass (253 vs. 105 mins in 24 hrs). The apparent {\textquoteleft}restriction{\textquoteleft} in GnCd to grazing clover-only during the day did not significantly reduce milk yield compared with G/C. The spatial and temporal allocations of grass and clover affected the concentrations of indolic compounds in PM and AM milk, suggesting there is scope to improve the efficiency of protein utilisation in the rumen. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Burke JL and Death AF and Lane GA and Fraser K and Pacheco D and Parsons AJ}
}
@conference {41918,
	title = {Effects of facial eczema on indole flavour compounds in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {315-319},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The flavour compounds indole and skatole (3-methylindole) are characteristic of products of pasture based production systems. The formation of these indoles by metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan in the rumen is favoured by high levels of readily-digestible protein in forage diets. However liver function is also a very important factor as indoles taken up into the animal are cleared by metabolism in the liver. An investigation of a persistent flavour taint from a dairy farm suggested a link between high milk indoles and facial eczema. As part of a genetic study, 1223 dairy cows in 4 herds in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty were screened for liver damage associated with facial eczema by measuring levels of the enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the blood. We examined levels of skatole in plasma from cows selected for high GGT (> 400 i.u. l-1, 47 cows) or low GGT (< 100 i.u. l-1, 43 cows) sampled from these herds. Blood indole and skatole levels overall were higher for the {\textquoteleft}high GGT{\textquoteright} cows compared to the {\textquoteleft}low GGT{\textquoteleft} cows (P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test). The levels of indoles in milk collected from the same cows 4 days after blood sampling on one farm showed a highly significant (P < 0.001) non-linear relationship between levels in milk and blood, with milk fat skatole reaching extremely high levels (> 2000 ng g-1) in animals with very high blood skatole (> 20 ng ml-1). As the presence of relatively few animals with such extremely high levels of indole flavour compounds in milk is likely to raise the herd mean concentration to unacceptable levels, these findings suggest that facial eczema may have significant adverse effects on milk quality as well as on production. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fraser K and Lane GA and Morris CA and Cullen NG}
}
@conference {41898,
	title = {Systems biology and metabolomics : Experimental and computational challenges},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {213-218},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {High-throughput technologies in the era of post-genomics provide new opportunities to investigate complex biological systems. Data can be collected for a system of interest at the level of gene expression, protein expression and metabolite concentration changes and then used for the assessment of interactions of molecules. However, the vast amount of information also poses challenges for data management, analysis, and interpretation. This paper aims to outline the technical complexity and the sources of variation in the technologies involved in molecular systems biology and computational strategies for data integration. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cao M and Koulman A and Pacheco D and Lane GA and Rasmussen S}
}
@conference {41901,
	title = {Urinary biomarkers of forage feeding from ESI-MS/MS fingerprinting: exploratory studies},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {230-235},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The combination of metabolic profiling by a combination of broad-spectrum analytical methods and multivariate statistics offers new opportunities for obtaining a global over-view of metabolism. It also facilitates the discovery of metabolites which can serve as useful markers of biological processes or states ("biomarkers"). Fast liquid chromatography and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation in an ion-trap (fast LC-ESI-MS/MS) has been applied to determine metabolic profiles of bovine urine samples. The samples were collected twice daily from groups of five lactating dairy cows grazing in four different forage management systems comprising different spatial and temporal allocations of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). The data have been analysed by different multivariate statistical methods, and a number of candidate biomarkers of forage feed and diurnal processes have been identified. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lane GA and Fraser K and Cao M and Koulman A and Cosgrove GP and Death A}
}
@conference {41563,
	title = {The effect of condensed tannins in sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) on 4-methylphenol metabolism in the ovine gastrointestinal tract during late lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {178-181},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Twelve lactating ewes were surgically prepared with permanent arterio-venous catheters across the gastrointestinal tract at 1 week post partum. From week 3 to 6 of lactation, all sheep were fed fresh sulla (1500 g dry matter/day; condensed tannins (CT) 4.4 g per 100 g dry matter). Half the ewes were orally drenched (4 times/day) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (160 g/day in water) to remove the effects of the CT whilst the remaining ewes received a water drench. At week 6, para-aminohippurate was infused for 7 h into the cranial mesenteric vein for measuring mesenteric and portal plasma flow and 4-methylphenol concentrations. The mesenteric and portal plasma flows were not affected (P > 0.05) by the treatments. The concentration of 4-methylphenol in the mesenteric artery (Control: 2.8 vs PEG: 9.0 {\textpm} 1.2 μg/ml) was lower (P < 0.01) in the control ewes. The net portal appearance of 4-methylphenol was higher (P < 0.01) in the PEG ewes (Control: -663 vs PEG: -1430 {\textpm} 159 μg/minute). These results establish that sulla CT reduced the portal flux and peripheral concentration of 4-methylphenol and it is likely that this was a consequence of reduced formation of that metabolite in the rumen due to lowered ruminal protein degradation in the CT-treated ewes.
KEYWORDS: plasma net fluxes; gastrointestinal tract; 4-methylphenol; lactation; sheep. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Roy NC and Fraser K and Lane GA and Sinclair BR and McNabb WC}
}
@conference {41505,
	title = {Formation and excretion of phenol flavour compounds in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {203-207},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Rumen, plasma and urinary concentration of the undesirable phenol flavour compound 4-methylphenol was measured in two rumen-fistulated Romney wethers fed perennial ryegrass. Following a one week adaptation period, samples were collected at ca. 1 hr intervals after feeding on two sampling days one week apart. Maximal concentration of 4-methylphenol in the rumen, blood and urine was reached at ca. 2, 3, and 4.5 hr respectively, declining to a minimal concentration by 9 hr (15\% of maximum), 11 hr (16\%), and 18 hr (<1\%) respectively. Thus phenol compounds formed in the rumen are cleared rapidly and efficiently by excretion into the urine. In a separate trial the absorption and excretion of the exogenous phenol, thymol, was measured. Four groups of 4 lambs grazed on pasture were dosed daily with either a control or 3 different levels of thyme slurry for two weeks. After one week of dosing spot urine samples were collected on two consecutive days. Upon completion of the two week dosing period the animals were slaughtered and subcutaneous fat samples collected. The concentration of thymol (conjugates) in the urine was highly correlated with the thyme dosage (r=0.848, P<0.001), but there was no significant correlation between dose level and the concentration of (free) thymol in the fat. These results suggest that the concentration of phenol flavour compounds in ruminant products is affected by the efficiency of conjugation and excretion as much as by their formation in the rumen. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fraser K and Lane GA and Schreurs NM and Tavendale MH and Keogh RG and Kirk MR and McNabb WC}
}
@conference {41401,
	title = {Effects of different forages on phenol and methylphenol formation in the rumen of sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {40-44},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Rumen concentrations of the undesirable phenol flavour compounds 4-methylphenol, 3-methylphenol, and phenol, were measured in pooled samples from six rumen-fistulated Romney wethers. Samples were collected at approximately 1 hr intervals for 8 hr after feeding white clover (WC), perennial ryegrass (PRG), or Lotus corniculatus (LC). For all three phenols, the time-course curves for the rumen concentration differed significantly between the three diets (P<0.001) with wide differences in maximum concentrations. For 4-methylphenol, concentrations normalised to crude protein intake (CPI) were very similar. Concentrations of phenol normalised to CPI were very similar for PRG and WC diets but much lower for the LC diet. No 3-methylphenol was detected in the rumen of WC-fed animals. For animals fed the PRG and LC diets, concentrations of 3-methylphenol normalised to acid detergent fibre intake were similar. Differences were also observed in the time to maximum concentration after the commencement of feeding, which was much shorter for 4-methylphenol and phenol (2-3.5 hr) than for 3-methylphenol (6 hr). This study established that feeding different forages resulted in differences in phenol metabolism in the rumen, and provides evidence that 4-methylphenol and 3-methylphenol derive from different dietary sources. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fraser K and Lane GA and Schreurs NM and Tavendale MH and McNabb WC and Marotti DM}
}
@conference {41395,
	title = {Postprandial indole and skatole formation in the rumen when feeding white clover, perennial ryegrass and Lotus corniculatus},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {14-17},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {In some international markets, meat and milk products from pasture-fed animals is associated with an undesirable pastoral flavour and odour. Sensory evaluation and chemical analysis of products has associated these flavours and odours with the presence of skatole and indole. Skatole and indole are formed in the rumen from the degradation of dietary protein. Condensed tannins (CT) have been shown to reduce protein degradation in the rumen and could reduce the formation of skatole and indole. This study investigated the concentrations of skatole and indole in the rumen of sheep after feeding white clover (WC), perennial ryegrass (PRG) and the CT forage, Lotus corniculatus (LC). Six rumen-fistulated Romney wethers were fed the cut forages and rumen contents sampled at intervals after the start of feeding. Feeding WC resulted in higher (P<0.05) peak concentrations of indole and skatole in the rumen per kilogram of crude protein eaten (CPI) compared to PRG and LC. There was a higher peak concentration of indole, but not skatole, in the rumen of sheep fed PRG compared to sheep fed LC (P<0.05). Feeding LC resulted in lower peak concentrations of skatole compared to feeding WC and lower peak concentrations of indole than when feeding WC or PRG. White clover in pastures may be a key factor of the high skatole and indole contents in meat and milk products obtained from pasture-based grazing systems. CT forages seem a likely solution to reducing ruminal skatole and indole formation. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Schreurs NM and Tavendale MH and Lane GA and Barry TN and Marotti DM and McNabb WC}
}
@conference {41360,
	title = {Effect of a Total Mixed Ration diet on the concentration of amino acid-derived volatiles in milk},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {242-245},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>The flavour chemistry of milk from Holstein-Friesian cows of two genotypes fed total mixed rations (TMR) or pasture has been compared over three years. Mean concentrations of selected milk aroma compounds, namely skatole, indole, dimethylsulphide, toluene, and of total p-cresol (determined after hydrolysis of conjugates) were significantly lower (10\% to 39\% of pasture treatment, P \&lt; 0.01) in the milk from the TMR-fed cows. Mean milk non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and dietary crude protein content (CP) were lower (93\% and 67\% of pasture treatment respectively) for the TMR diet. These results are consistent with an origin for these aroma compounds in the degradation of dietary protein amino acids in the rumen. However, concentrations of total m-cresol, which is not thought to derive from dietary protein, were also lower in the milk from TMR-fed cows (19\% of pasture treatment). In addition, for the pasture treatment, the patterns of variation of concentrations of skatole, indole and p-cresol and NPN in milk and of dietary CP differed considerably between different periods within a dairy season. These findings indicate that factors additional to CP supply are important in the metabolism of these flavour compounds.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lane GA and Fraser K and Kolver ES and Rowan DD and Allen JM and Mills OE and Abraham AS and Olney SD}
}
@conference {41340,
	title = {The effect of endophyte alkaloids on diet selection by sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {167-170},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Sheep have a strong preference for clover in summer. One explanation for this may be the avoidance of alkaloids such as lolitrem B, ergovaline and peramine that are produced at that time of the year by endophytic fungi in ryegrass. We tested this hypothesis by exposing groups of three sheep to three food items (ryegrass with wild-type endophyte (E+), ryegrass with no endophyte (E-), and white clover (CL)), in December and in February. Each food was offered singly and in pairs, and time spent grazing on each food, short-term dry matter (DM) intake rate, and preference was measured. In February, sheep given E+ or E- ryegrass alone, grazed for 400 mins/day, compared with 370 mins/day when given a choice between them (P=0.15, SEM=14). The time spent grazing on the E+/E- choice was comprised of 280 mins/day on E- and 90 mins/day on E+ indicating a strong preference for E-. When offered ryegrass and white clover, the total grazing time (335 mins/day), and the grazing time on clover (285 mins/day) and on ryegrass (50 mins/day), were similar for E+/CL and E-/CL. Short-term dry matter intake rate of grass (3.4 g DM/min), and the strong preference for clover in this study, were unaffected by the presence of endophyte. We conclude that while sheep detect endophyte alkaloids, they avoid eating them only when doing so does not reduce daily intake or change the proportion of grass and clover in their diet. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Anderson CB and Phillot M and Nyfeler D and Hume DE and Parsons AJ and Lane GA}
}
@conference {40706,
	title = {The effect of peramine ingestion in pen-fed lambs},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {186},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Little research has been done on within breed differences in seasonality  of reproduction in rams. We took 16 Dorset x Romney rams (8 BV+ and 8  BV-, selected on the basis of their breeding value for date of lambing derived  for the lambing performance of their female relatives). These rams were  housed indoors under natural light conditions and fed a ration of pellets and  hay. Semen samples, testis diameter and body weight measurements were  taken weekly. Blood samples were taken monthly (every 20mins for 26hrs,  and then every 10mins for a further 4hrs following a 1 ml IV injection of  0.001 mg GnRH). Samples were assayed for oLH and oFSH. The trial ran  from September 1993 to August 1994. More BV- (early lambing group)  rams (70\% vs 25\%) produced ejaculates in the first 3 months of the trial.   The BV- rams had significantly (P<0.001) lower ejaculate volumes than the  BV+ rams with both showing significant (P<0.001) seasonal changes. There  were significant (P<0.01) seasonal effects on semen concentration with a  January maximum of 6300 x 10 6 sperm/ml and a minimum in July of 3350  x 10 6 sperm/ml. There was a seasonal effect on testis diameter (55mm in  Dec-Feb and 38mm in July). There was a significant (P<0.05) seasonal shift  in live weight between Feb-Apr (70kg) and July 58kg). There was  significant (P<0.01) seasonal effect on basal LH levels and LH pulse  frequency, but there were no detectable BV effects. The BV- rams had  greater pulse amplitude and longer durations of peaks than did the BV+  animals. LH response to GnRH was significantly different only in Nov (BV-  rams showed greater area under the curve 162},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Pownall DB and Familton AS and Field RJ and Fletcher LR and Lane GA}
}
