@article {3672,
	title = {REVIEW: Critiquing the relationship between body condition and animal welfare},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {39-44},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {Body condition has long been used when assessing animal health and productivity, both important indicators of animal welfare;
however, assessments of animal welfare must also consider the extent to which animals{\textquoteright} emotional needs are met. New Zealand{\textquoteright}s
codes of welfare focus on using body condition score as a measure of emaciation, requiring action to be taken at very low scores and
generally recommending higher scores. In anticipation of future code reviews, the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee
is exploring our understanding of body condition as a measure of welfare, with a view to incorporating standards that also take
account of animals{\textquoteright} affective or emotional states. Most of the scientific literature appears related to optimising animal health and
production and body condition score is a good indicator of an animal{\textquoteright}s energy reserves. While affective or emotional state may
be more difficult to assess, thinner animals seem more motivated to feed as they spend more time foraging and consume more
feed than {\textquoteleft}better{\textquoteright} conditioned animals. In addition, animals losing condition were more interested, anxious or excited, suggesting
higher feeding motivation and possibly hunger. A more nuanced understanding is needed that considers the circumstances of the
animal; what individual animals are feeling; and that body condition per se may not necessarily reflect hunger. In addition, the
stage at which compromises to body condition are deemed unreasonable or unnecessary, and the reserves required in extensive
environments, suggest more complex research, regulatory and non-regulatory understandings and interventions will be required.

Keywords: body condition; survival; production; health; behaviour; feelings; animal-welfare standards},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Sch{\"u}tz KE and Verkerk}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Barriers to the adoption of animal welfare standards: shelter on pastoral farms},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {37-42},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The expectations for and provision of shelter for livestock remains a challenge. To help align expectations and recommendations, research was undertaken to determine the main barriers to the greater adoption of standards. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were undertaken with 24 New Zealand farmers and 22 animal-interest stakeholders. In addition, 700 members of the public were surveyed on-line. Shelter was seen as part of good farming, recognized in productivity and efficiency, and was part of the environmental and market demands. While some farmers considered that their shelter could be better, they had other, more-pressing, priorities. The key barriers included costs, time and resources, impacts on productivity, the provision of information and a lack of enforcement. While the public acknowledged animal welfare as important, including providing livestock with shade, shelter and a comfortable resting place, fewer thought that, in this respect, animals were provided for particularly well. It will be necessary to acknowledge the complexity of the issue borne of different animals, environments and people; and that initiatives may be better managed as part of wider social expectations.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Stockwell W and Hastings A and Brannigan JIE and Lyons CE and Timmer-Arends P}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {The welfare of bobby calves sent for slaughter: a synopsis of the science literature within the context of New Zealand{\textquoteright}s export system and the problems and gaps in it},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {149-153},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {Most neonatal animals are healthy and vigorous but vulnerable, particularly during the first week of life, to hypothermia and starvation, infections and injuries, and predation. Information collated from the scientific literature and routine ante-mortem in-spections indicates that the main factors predisposing bobby calves to death or condemnation are inadequate colostrum/feeding, and immaturity. Correct feeding regimes and transport protocols can minimise welfare compromises to healthy calves and most presented for slaughter were found to be strong, alert and well fed. However, small numbers of immature, weak, sick and injured calves were also presented. Dead or moribund calves had digestive tract disorders, umbilical infections or were undiagnosed. No curd in the rumen and immaturity were common secondary findings. What is less understood is the degree of hunger bobby calves may experience; the interaction between age/maturity, husbandry, feeding practices, transport and lairage; the limits of feed depri-vation in {\textquoteleft}marginal{\textquoteright} calves; compromises to welfare amongst those animals which do not die or are condemned prior to slaughter; and the impacts of any procurement and processing requirements for periods in lairage. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Wild RJ and O{\textquoteright}Grady KR and Guigou MJ and Diesch TJ and Jamieson JV and Ward LJ and Cross NJ}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {A snapshot of New Zealand farmers{\textquoteright} awareness of, and self-reported compliance with, animal welfare requirements},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {200-204},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { A 2012 telephone survey of 1565 farmers from across pastoral, pig and poultry livestock sectors aimed to benchmark farmer
awareness of and self-reported compliance with the Animal Welfare Act 1999 and codes of welfare, and to explore the factors
that drive or hinder that compliance. Eighty-two percent of respondents assessed their knowledge of statutory animal-welfare
requirements as above average or excellent. However, of the five physical, health and behavioural needs of animals on which the
legislation is based, only proper and sufficient food and water and adequate shelter were identified by more than half of respondents
(77\% and 54\%, respectively). Once informed of the needs, 63\% considered it not difficult to provide for all five. The majority of
respondents reported levels of compliance with statutory animal-welfare requirements above 85\% and knew of relevant examples
of minimum standards from a code of welfare. The main barriers to providing for the needs of animals were identified as seasonal
weather conditions [pastoral enterprises] and lack of money or resources [within the pork and poultry sectors]. In conclusion,
while identification of statutory animal-welfare requirements was not high, farmers do understand the concepts that underpin the
legislation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Williams VM and Pearson AB and Jeffrey GB and Mackenzie RW and Ward LJ and Fisher MW}
}
@conference {75901,
	title = {The welfare of extensively farmed livestock},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {181-185},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {Extensive farming involves husbandry of animals over a large area, animal performance, health and welfare dependent on ecology and farm management. Specific features providing both challenges and opportunities for good animal welfare include climatic, environmental and nutritional variation and extremes; infrequent human contact; greater freedom for animals to make choices affecting their well-being; a greater degree of natural selection; and fitter animals better able to cope with their environments. Stockmanship, in addition to drawing on personal experience and traits, requires an understanding of the constraints and opportunities afforded by the climate, the terrain and the biota. Intensification practices acting to increase productivity and efficiency need to be able to retain and enhance animal resilience to environmental changes. Animal welfare regulatory, monitoring and assurance expectations may need to acknowledge these distinctive features.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW}
}
@conference {60961,
	title = {Breeding and selection goals and animal welfare},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {135-139},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Contemporary concerns with animal welfare are increasingly being expressed through reference to the Five Freedoms, paraphrased as animal needs. However, in addition to providing for the needs of livestock, breeding animals to suit the environment, especially in extensive farming systems, is an inherent quality of good stockmanship. Although most farm animal breeding goals are directed at increasing productivity, some, for example resistance to disease or ease of giving birth, also contribute to enhanced animal health and welfare. Increasingly societal expectations are shaping the practices of animal rearing and management, and more recently breeding. It is suggested that those responsible for breeding and selection acknowledge the potential animal health and welfare consequences, both positive and negative, of breeding goals. In so doing that they be prepared for the need to articulate those goals in terms of animal health and welfare, or the need for relevant animal husbandry skills and resources. Subsequently, where necessary they incorporate animal welfare objectives into their breeding programmes. In addition, animal welfare interests need to be aware of the limitations of relying solely on the Five Freedoms, or needs of animals, and acknowledge the wider aspects of good animal husbandry which contribute to animal welfare. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Webster AJF}
}
@conference {41949,
	title = {Reconciling the differences between the length at which lambs{\textquoteright} tails are commonly docked and animal welfare recommendations},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {32-38},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {The rationale for the length at which lambs{\textquoteright} tails are docked was investigated by comparing lambs with No-tail, Short, Medium (covering the vulva in ewe lambs and at a similar length in males), Long, and Undocked tails. In Experiment 1, dagging and shearing required additional effort in Long and Undocked animals. There were no differences in average dag scores, but few lambs had dags. Shorter tail docking resulted in significantly (P<0.05) lighter recto-coccygeal muscles (from 8.9 {\textpm} 0.5g in Undocked to 6.6 {\textpm}0.4g in No-tail). The tail stumps of half of the No-tail, Short and Medium showed evidence of neuroma development and degenerative nerve changes compared with few of the Long and Undocked lambs. In Experiment 2, restlessness, an indicator of pain and distress in rubber ring docked lambs, tended to be more pronounced the shorter the tail was docked. Experiment 3 compared typical farm practices (Short), with the AWAC-recommended length (Medium). The slightly longer length was associated with (1) more lambs difficult to dag (11/44 Medium vs. 4/44 Short; P<0.001); and (2) no perceived benefits in increasing tail length. While the traditional Short and Medium tails appear to be the most appropriate, pain and distress, neuroma development and rectal muscle function may also be affected by tail length. It is yet to be determined if these additional factors justify a change to current practicesbut that possibility is considered unlikely.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Gregory NG}
}
@conference {41523,
	title = {Justifying the appropriate length for docking lambs{\textquoteright} tails - a review of the literature},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {293-296},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {It is generally accepted that tail docking is beneficial in farming systems where sheep are predisposed to dag formation and flystrike, but that it is a stressful procedure. Although there have been many studies of tail docking, relatively few have looked at the effects of different tail lengths. The incidence of flystrike depended on tail length, being least in medium-, and greatest in short-tail docked sheep. Short-tail docked ewes had higher rates of carcinoma of the vulva and short-tail docked lambs had a greater incidence of rectal prolapse. In some cases, increased tail length was associated with increased dags, and with longer tails crutching and shearing effort was greater. There apparently have been no studies documenting the effects of docking at different lengths on the welfare of the lamb at the time of docking, on muscle anatomy, or on defecation and urination. Furthermore, the results obtained in some studies were confounded by differences in breed (e.g. Merino) and mutilations (e.g. mulesing), which question the validity of extrapolating their conclusions to New Zealand conditions. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Gregory NG and Kent JE and Scobie DR and Mellor DJ and Pollard JC}
}
@conference {41501,
	title = {Understanding shepherding within lambing, and organic farming systems through acknowledging cultural, community and individual influences},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {183-187},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The way we farm depends on the species farmed, the environment, and on our beliefs, prejudices and expectations. A model was developed to consider cultural influences, community ethics, and individual goals to help understand shepherding and organic farming. Assisting sheep at lambing is reinforced by cultural expectations of what shepherds should do. Different management strategies are used depending on the sheep, their environment, and the costs and practicalities of supervision. Finally, the weight given to different factors may depend on the motivation of individuals in deciding to "live with the flock" or find better ways of managing lambing. Reflecting the different goals of agriculture, individuals were motivated to convert to organic farming by economic returns, the environment, chemical use, food safety and quality, animal health and welfare, and a desire to maintain rural communities. The safety of chemicals, food quality, and the environment are central to understanding the value of organics to the community. Finally, organic farming is informed by stories of {\textquotedblleft}being at one with nature{\textquotedblright} An understanding of the different beliefs that inform us of the way farming is, or should be, may result in a greater shared understanding of complex issues, and more equitable farming practices. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Small BH and Mackay AD and Kenny GJ and Jerebine BC and Parminter TG}
}
@conference {41391,
	title = {Presidential Address 2002 Where is science taking society and where is society taking science?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1-2},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Pharming Hildagaard, a fringe theatre production telling of human cloning (Figure 1), is one way our society deals with the contentious nature of modern scientific developments. The fringe theatre production set at a fictitious research organisation in Hamilton, may have been a fantasy, sensationalist, and perhaps contained dodgy science (M. Servian, personal communication), but it was a story that attempted to engage the issues that cloning raises. While this may have been fringe or experimental theatre, opposition to genetic modification is more mainstream and {\textquotedblleft}coming to a field near you{\textquotedblright}. Questions have been asked over where science is taking agriculture (Anon, 1998) and we might also ask where science is taking society, or where society is taking science? I want to use a number of great thinkers to reflect on how we deal with these questions, and thus how we deal socially with science. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW}
}
@conference {41270,
	title = {The influence of reproductive status on pituitary gland function in seasonally anoestrous red deer hinds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {141-143},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Changes in pituitary responsiveness to exogenous hypothalamic hormones were assessed during seasonal anoestrous in dry, pregnant and lactating hinds. Of the fifteen adult red deer hinds monitored, five were non-pregnant, five had their calves removed immediately after birth, and five suckled their calves. All hinds were given a single i.v. injection of hypothalamic releasing hormones (5mg each of GnRH, GRF and TRH) on four occasions between Nov/Dec (10 days prior to calving) and March. The pituitary response was determined from changes in plasma concentrations of LH, growth hormone, and prolactin in samples obtained by jugular venepuncture at 0, 15 and 30 min after injection. Reproductive state significantly (P<0.001) affected LH release with a mean response (over all sample dates) of 1.12 ng/ml in dry hinds compared with 0.85 ng/ml in hinds that had their calves removed and 0.60 ng/ml in lactating hinds. Neither growth hormone (average 5.65 ng/ml) nor prolactin (average 33.9 ng/ml) responses were affected by reproductive status. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and McLeod BJ and Meikle LM and Martin SK}
}
@conference {41232,
	title = {Tasmanian grass grub - a significant threat to pastoral farming in dryland regions},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {13-15},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Tasmanian grass grub, first recorded in Canterbury in 1920, is now well established in several areas of New Zealand. The adult beetles fly in January and lay their eggs in the soil after mating. After hatching, the larvae live in the soil and construct vertical tunnels from which they emerge at night to feed on and denude pasture plants. The effects of this pest on pasture were estimated by measuring pasture with larval densities ranging from 21-574 m{\texttwosuperior}. Larval infestation significantly reduced pasture mass in a linear fashion by around 5\% per 100 larvae. For example, at one site from July to September, pasture mass Y = -0.816X + 1852, R2 = 0.3; where Y = pasture mass (kg DM per ha) and X = larvae per m{\texttwosuperior}. Losses in stock carrying capacities have been estimated to vary between 0.5 and 5 stock units per hectare depending on the farm carrying capacity and larval damage to pasture, resulting in losses of up to $315 per hectare. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Slay MWA and Fisher MW}
}
@conference {40896,
	title = {Agricultural ethics - a role in animal production?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {88-90},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Science and farming benefit society in innumerable ways, but like other human activities, are subject to value judgements of what is and is not acceptable.  In addition to traditional measures of efficiency and profitability, the acceptability of agricultural practices is also determined by requirements of food safety, resource use, environmental and animal welfare criteria, and by social and philosophical views. Since moral issues may be difficult to deal with, and are determined by a wide array of influences ranging from philosophers to the media, it is important that we establish a means of clarifying them.  Agricultural ethics provides such a common framework or language.  This includes tradition and common sense (our common morality), and consideration of the rights of individuals and of the consequences of our actions.  In addition, the role that virtues and myths play in determining the acceptability of agricultural practices can be incorporated. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW}
}
@conference {40861,
	title = {Ovarian follicle development in the red deer hind},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {370-372},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Ovaries were recovered either 0, 12, 24 or 36 hours or 10 days after  CIDR withdrawal, from 25 hinds in which oestrus had been synchronised.  All follicles > 2 mm diameter were dissected free of stromal tissue and their  health assessed on the basis of oocyte and theca condition, follicular fluid  oestradiol content, granulosa cell numbers and oestradiol synthesis. Hinds had an average of 26.6 + 3.45 follicles > 2 mm, of which about half  were healthy and 1-3 were oestrogenic. Every animal had at least 1 healthy  follicle > 7.5 mm diameter. Over the follicular phase, the percentage of  healthy follicles ranged from 46-66\%, but this did not change significantly  with time. Neither did the mean diameter of the largest oestrogenic follicle  change over the follicular phase. In summary, the total number of antral  follicles varied widely, but every hind had at least one large healthy follicle  present, irrespective of stage of the oestrous cycle.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McLeod BJ and Meikle LM and Heath DA and McNatty KP and Fisher MW and Whaanga AJ}
}
@conference {40852,
	title = {Reproductive senescence in aged red deer hinds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {344-346},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This study reports on the performance of some of the original animals  used to establish the Invermay deer farm. These comprised a selection of  some of the original 1973 animals, 21 hinds of unknown age and 19 of the  first hind calves born at Invermay in that year. Reproductive performance, expressed as the percentage of hinds weaning  calves, decreased slowly from 90\% at 6 and 7 years of age, to 50\% at 17  years, then dropped markedly with only one calf being successfully reared in  each season when the hinds were 19 and 20 years. Similarly, few (5/21) of  the older unknown-age hinds raised calves when > 17 years old. When  blood sampled twice-weekly during the breeding season (rising 21 years of  age), only 6/12 of the known-age hinds had significant plasma progesterone  concentrations, with only 3 animals displaying anything like normal cyclical  patterns. In addition, most had elevated plasma LH concentrations. Post  mortem examination revealed that all these hinds had small reproductive  tracts and very few ovarian follicles at this age. Despite an ability to live beyond 20 years, these results suggest that waning  reproductive performance with age may be due to ovarian failure.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and McLeod BJ and Mockett BG and Moore GH and Drew KR}
}
@conference {40548,
	title = {What might be the consequences of adapting wild animals, such as wapiti, to a farm environment?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {457-460},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Bryant LD}
}
@conference {40409,
	title = {Advancing calving in red deer: The effects on growth and sexual development},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {187-190},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Thirty ewe lambs each of Merino, Romney, feral (of Merino  origin) and Wiltshire breeds were evaluated for dag score, flystrike and  nematode resistance. The lambs were born in August 1990 with the feral  lambs around one month younger. The lambs were transported to Flock  House and shorn and grazed together from the 21 January 1991 until 1  June 1991.   There was no difference in the geometric mean of faecal egg counts  between the different breeds (p=0.11). Lambs were fly struck from  February to May with 33\%, 10\%, 10\% of Merinos, Romneys and Wiltshires  being attached. No feral lambs were fly struck. Most flystrike was  caused by the Australian green blowfly (Lucila cuprina).   The Wiltshire breed had the lowest dag score while the feral sheep had a  dag score consistently lower than the Romney and Merino breeds  (p<0.001). The wet weight of dag clipped at the end of the experiment  was 4 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Meikle LM and Fennessy PF and Fisher MW and Patene HJ}
}
@conference {40211,
	title = {Induction oestrus in the ovariectomised red deer with exogenous progesterone and oestradiol benzoate},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {155-160},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Preventive control programmes for nematode infections of sheep,   which depend upon strategically timed treatments of anthelmintics, are   based on epidemiological knowledge of the time relationships between   contamination of pastures and seasonal availability of infective larvae   in different climatic regions.     In Australia by the time these programmes were being actively promoted   resistance to two of the three families of anthelmintic drugs had   already emerged. A high prevalence of resistance is now widespread in   Australia and measures for the management of resistance have been   incorporated into recommendations of worm control. These include, a   reduction in frequency of treatments, elimination of underdosing,   assessment of effective drugs, their use at high dose rates in an annual   rotation and the integration of treatment with grazing management.   Nevertheless, there is concern that preventive control programmes may   not be sustainable over the long term.     Increased attention is now directed to alternative means of control,   such as vaccination of sheep against nematode infections and breeding   sheep with enhanced resistance to infection. The integration of these   measures into preventive control programmes and the extent to which they   can replace chemotherapy are topics for ongoing study.    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Meikle LM and Fisher MW}
}
@conference {40149,
	title = {Induction of twin ovulations in red deer hinds with steroid-free bovine follicular fluid},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {103-106},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Because the enzyme catalase is involved in the peroxisomal pathway of fatty acid oxidation in the liver, it is possible that higher levels of catalase activity may be associated with higher levels of fatness. This was investigated in the high and low backfat Southdown sheep selection lines at Massey University. Liver biopsies were taken from 13 high backfat (HBD) and 14 low backfat (LBD) ewe hoggets with mean liveweight-adjusted ultrasonic backfat depths (LABF, expressed as percentage deviations) of +42\% and -20\% respectively. The HBD group had significantly higher (P<0.05) liver catalase activity (1944 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Fennessy PF and Henderson KM and Newman RE and Manley TR}
}
@conference {40102,
	title = {Effects of melatonin on seasonal physiology of red deer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {113-116},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effects of various storage/drying procedures of bovine colostrum on the absorption of bovine serum immunoglobulin (Ig) by neonatal kids was examined. Kids either suckled their dams at birth (control) or were fed warmed liquid bovine colostrum which had been either frozen/thawed, frozen/freeze dried or spray dried. After 4 d on treatment protein analysis showed Ig of bovine origin to be present in the serum of all kids fed bovine colostrum. Kid growth and health were good, and did not differ between treatments. Results suggest that the spray process will provide a dried product with the biological properties of unprocessed colostrum.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Fennessy PF and Milne JD}
}
@conference {40066,
	title = {Energy nutrition of young red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds and a comparison with young stags},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1987},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {111-113},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Salmon farming began in New Zealand in 1976 with the introduction of ocean ranching. With this method of aquaculture, juvenile salmon are reared in freshwater and then released to the sea where they grow and subsequently return as adults at 2, 3 or 4 years of age to the freshwater release point. Two other methods of culture are also being practised, sea cage rearing and freshwater pond culture. With these 2 methods the salmon are reared to market size while fed an artificial diet. The increased rearing costs of these 2 methods of culture is offset by the higher survival of juvenile salmon to market size compared with ocean ranching. With ocean ranging 1-2\% survival is considered the minimum necessary for a successful operation while returns of over 3\% have been received at some hatcheries. Salmon production has increased from about 200 t in 1984-85 season (October to March) to 712 t in 1986-87. Exports in 1986-87 were approximately 353 t valued at $NZ4 million.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Suttie JM and Fennessy PF and Veenvliet BA and Littlejohn RP and Fisher MW and Corson ID and Labes RE}
}
@conference {40017,
	title = {Early induction of ovulation in yearling red deer hinds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {171-174},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Fennessy PF and Suttie JM and Corson ID and Pearse AJT and Davis GH and Johnstone PD}
}
