@conference {75930, title = {Legend session: Forage secondary compounds; past, present and future}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {71}, year = {2011}, month = {Jan}, pages = {314-321}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, address = {Invercargill}, abstract = {Forages contain plant secondary compounds. These are primarily produced to protect the plant from attack by micro-organism, insects and herbivores. Research during the last 40 years has produced an insight into the biochemistry, metabolism and interaction of these compounds, specifically the unique amino acid S-methyl cysteine sulphoxide (SMCO) and condensed tannins (CT). Both occur within forage consumed by farmed livestock. SCMO induces anaemia in herbivores. Through plant breeding and effective management brassica crops can now be fed to livestock as a supplement without restricting growth rate. A wide range of plants contain CT. CT have been shown to have the capacity to bind to soluble proteins in the rumen enabling increased absorption of essential amino acids from the small intestine. This benefits body growth, milk production, wool growth and ovulation rate. CT have also been shown to have a direct effect on gastrointestinal parasites inhibiting their growth and fecundity, particularly in sheep. As a result of this detailed research we are now able to exploit the unique attributes of some plant secondary compounds and use them to our advantage to benefit animal production and the performance of our farmed livestock. Ways in which we able to do this are discussed.}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN} } @conference {69526, title = {Condensed tannins for priming innate immunity}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {70}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun}, pages = {288-290}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, address = {Palmerston North}, abstract = {The immune system of sheep, cattle and other ruminants contains unusually large numbers of gamma-delta () T lymphocytes. In lambs and calves, these cells may comprise more than 50\% of the T cells circulating in blood while in rodents and primates, they typically account for less than 5\% of blood-borne T cells. The T cells localise within mucosal surfaces of all species, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. Compared to their rodent and human counterparts, ruminant T cells have a greatly expanded repertoire of antigen receptors (Hein \& Dudler, 1993, 1997). They also express unique accessory molecules in their cell membrane which may reflect a differential capacity of the ruminant T cells to contribute to immune defence (Hein \& Mackay, 1991).}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Schreurs NM and Pernthaner A and Hein WR and Barry TN} } @conference {41465, title = {Can mating ewes on condensed tannin-containing forages be used to reduce lamb mortality between birth and weaning?}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {64}, year = {2004}, month = {Jan}, pages = {30-33}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, address = {Hamilton}, abstract = {Five grazing experiments are described where ewes were fed forages which are likely to increase the absorption of essential amino acids (EAA) for periods of 63-70 days, immediately before and during mating, relative to control ewes mated on grass based pastures. The legume Lotus corniculatus (Birdsfoot trefoil CV Grassland Goldie) was fed in two experiments and supplements of willow or poplar forage trees were given to ewes mated on low quality drought pasture in three experiments. Both L. corniculatus and the forage trees contained condensed tannins (CT) and in addition the crude protein content of the forage trees (166 g/kg DM) was much higher than that of drought pasture (122 g/kg DM). Mating on L. corniculatus and supplementing with forage trees consistently increased lambing percentage. Lamb mortality between birth and weaning was significantly reduced (P<0.05) by mating on L. corniculatus in one experiment and by feeding forage trees during mating in one experiment. Similar trends of smaller magnitude were evident in the other experiments and did not attain statistical significance. Hypotheses of how feeding these forages during mating may have reduced post-natal lamb mortality are advanced and methods of testing the hypotheses are suggested. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN and Parkinson TJ and Ramirez-Restrepo CA and McWilliam EL and Lopez-Villalobos N} } @conference {41474, title = {The effect on sheep reproduction of grazing willow fodder blocks during drought}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {64}, year = {2004}, month = {Jan}, pages = {67-71}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, address = {Hamilton}, abstract = {A trial was conducted in the summer/autumn of 2003 to determine the effect of grazing on willow fodder blocks (6,000 stems/ha) during mating, relative to control ewes grazed on drought pasture, upon ewe production and reproduction. Grazing occurred over 10 weeks, from 19 February including 3 cycles of mating, with ewes randomly assigned to four treatment groups each of 100. The treatments were short drought pasture (typical of drought pasture), long drought pasture (typical of the pasture growing in the willow fodder blocks), short drought pasture with restricted willow access (restricted access) and full access to willow fodder blocks (fenced on the willow all the time; full access). After mating the four groups were joined together and managed as one mob until weaning. Substantial live weight loss occurred in the short control group (101 g/day), as would occur in severe drought conditions and reproductive rate was low. Ewes in the full access group had significantly (P<0.05) less live weight loss of 40g/day, with reproductive rate increased by approx 20\% units (P<0.05). The increase in reproductive rate in the group with full access to willow fodder blocks was due to increases in fecundity, with more ewes giving birth to twin lambs. Live weight loss during mating in the long control and restricted access groups was intermediate between the short control and full access groups (75-86 g/d) and significantly different from either (P<0.05); reproductive rate was also intermediate between the short control and full access groups but was not significantly different from either (P>0.05). Grazing willow fodder blocks with full access during times of drought can be used to reduce the decline in reproductive rate, which occurs when ewes are mated on drought pastures. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Pitta DW and Barry TN and Lopez-Villalobos N and Kemp PD} } @conference {41454, title = {Effect of withholding anthelmintic treatment on autumn growth and internal parasitism of weaner deer grazing perennial ryegrass-based pasture or chicory}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {63}, year = {2003}, month = {Jan}, pages = {269-273}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, address = {Queenstown}, abstract = {Sixty-eight weaner deer were allocated to grazing perennial ryegrass-based pasture or chicory from 18 March to 20 May 2002, and within these groups were either regularly treated four-weekly with anthelmintic or treatment was withheld until weight loss or clinical signs of parasitism such as coughing was observed (trigger treatment). Liveweight gain was monitored fortnightly. Five sentinel deer from each of the four groups were slaughtered for nematode counts on 20 May. Deer grazing chicory grew faster than deer gazing pasture (P<0.001). Thirty five percent of trigger-treated deer grazing pasture required treatment for clinical parasitism, but no anthelmintic was required for trigger-treated deer grazing chicory. There was no effect of anthelmintic treatment on average autumn growth of deer grazing chicory, but trigger-treated deer grazing pasture grew at half the rate of regularly treated deer (P<0.01). Deer grazing chicory and treated four-weekly with anthelmintic grew 1.5x faster than deer grazing pasture and treated four-weekly with anthelmintic (P<0.05). This difference in growth of deer grazing chicory and pasture increased to 2.9x when comparing triggertreated deer grazing the two forages (P<0.01). Sentinel trigger-treated deer grazing chicory had half the lungworm population of deer grazing pasture (P=0.13) and 18\% fewer gastrointestinal nematodes (P=0.06). This study shows that grazing young farmed deer on chicory during autumn can increase their resilience to internal parasitism, reducing anthelmintic use whilst increasing deer growth. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Hoskin SO and Pomroy WR and Reijrink I and Wilson PR and Barry TN} } @conference {41395, title = {Postprandial indole and skatole formation in the rumen when feeding white clover, perennial ryegrass and Lotus corniculatus}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {63}, year = {2003}, month = {Jan}, pages = {14-17}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, address = {Queenstown}, abstract = {In some international markets, meat and milk products from pasture-fed animals is associated with an undesirable pastoral flavour and odour. Sensory evaluation and chemical analysis of products has associated these flavours and odours with the presence of skatole and indole. Skatole and indole are formed in the rumen from the degradation of dietary protein. Condensed tannins (CT) have been shown to reduce protein degradation in the rumen and could reduce the formation of skatole and indole. This study investigated the concentrations of skatole and indole in the rumen of sheep after feeding white clover (WC), perennial ryegrass (PRG) and the CT forage, Lotus corniculatus (LC). Six rumen-fistulated Romney wethers were fed the cut forages and rumen contents sampled at intervals after the start of feeding. Feeding WC resulted in higher (P<0.05) peak concentrations of indole and skatole in the rumen per kilogram of crude protein eaten (CPI) compared to PRG and LC. There was a higher peak concentration of indole, but not skatole, in the rumen of sheep fed PRG compared to sheep fed LC (P<0.05). Feeding LC resulted in lower peak concentrations of skatole compared to feeding WC and lower peak concentrations of indole than when feeding WC or PRG. White clover in pastures may be a key factor of the high skatole and indole contents in meat and milk products obtained from pasture-based grazing systems. CT forages seem a likely solution to reducing ruminal skatole and indole formation. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Schreurs NM and Tavendale MH and Lane GA and Barry TN and Marotti DM and McNabb WC} } @conference {41334, title = {Effect of grazing undrenched weaner deer on chicory or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture on gastrointestinal nemotode and lungworm viability}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {62}, year = {2002}, month = {Jan}, pages = {143-144}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, address = {Palmerston North}, abstract = {Internal parasites can reduce animal performance (Moss \& Vlassoff, 1993) and lungworm has been known to cause death in young deer (Mackintosh et al., 1984). Increasing numbers of drench resistant parasite populations being found on farms throughout New Zealand (Sangster, 1999) and pressure from consumers to reduce anthelmintic input for fear of residues in pastoral-based food products (Williams, 1997), signifies a need to find alternative methods of internal parasite control. Hoskin et al. (1999) found that undrenched weaner deer grazed on chicory did not have impaired growth rates and faecal egg counts were lower compared to similar animals grazed on perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures. This suggests that chicory has the potential to be used in farming systems to reduce the negative impact of internal parasites. This study looked at the viability of internal parasites that had travelled through the digestive tracts of deer grazing chicory (Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens)- dominant pasture. The hatching ability of gastrointestinal nematode eggs, the development of gastrointestinal nematode and lungworm larvae and the motility of L1 lungworm larvae were measured. The study also determined the effect of adding condensed tannins (CT), extracted from chicory, to rumen and abomasal fluid on L1 lungworm larval migration. CT are a group of phenolic secondary plant compounds found in chicory at concentrations of approximately, 4.2g/kgDM (Terrill et al., 1992). }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Schreurs NM and Molan AL and Lopez-Villalobos N and Barry TN and McNabb WC} } @conference {41342, title = {Responses to poplar supplementation in ewes grazing drought pasture during mating}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {62}, year = {2002}, month = {Jan}, pages = {174-176}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, address = {Palmerston North}, abstract = {Over the past 160 years, poplar and willow trees have been extensively planted on New Zealand pastoral land for shade and shelter, aesthetics and conservation purposes (Wilkinson, 1999). In North Island East Coast regions, some hill-country farmers are pruning the branches of poplar and willow trees to feed them to livestock during the late summer and autumn dry period, to supplement low-quality pastures. Drought poses a serious management issue for farmers in the East Coast regions of both the North and South Islands and predictions suggest droughts will become more frequent and severe in the future (Salinger, 2000). Supplementation with conserved forages, such as hay and silages, or grains such as barley, is a common management practice for farms suffering drought conditions (Leng, 1992). However, many East Coast hill-country farms have little or no flat land on which to produce hay or silage.}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {McWilliam EL and Barry TN and Kemp PD and Lopez-Villalobos N and Cameron PN} } @conference {41343, title = {Use of Lotus corniculatus to increase sheep production under commercial dryland farming conditions without the use of anthelmintics}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {62}, year = {2002}, month = {Jan}, pages = {177-178}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, address = {Palmerston North}, abstract = {Legumes are an important component of feeding systems in temperate zones to fix nitrogen and to produce high quality forage as a feed for livestock. However, marginal protein deficiency exists when ruminants are fed on fresh temperate forages due to high degradation rates of forage proteins in the rumen. Consequently, there is a large absorption of NH3 from the rumen, leaving absorption of essential amino acids (EAA) from the small intestine that is below animal requirements for these AA (Barry, 1982). Condensed tannins (CT) in Lotus corniculatus (Birdsfoot trefoil) reduce rumen protein degradability and increase EAA absorption from the small intestine (Waghorn et al., 1987). Separate feeding experiments with sheep have shown that CT in lotus increased wool production and milk secretion (Wang et al., 1996a\&b) and both ovulation rate during mating, and lambing percentage (Min et al., 1999: Min et al., 2001), all with no increase in voluntary feed intake (VFI). In addition, lambs fed lotus accumulated fewer dags than lambs grazed on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture (Leathwick \& Atkinson, 1995). Each of these effects was measured in separate specific experiments. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of feeding Lotus corniculatus upon wool production and lamb weaning weight under commercial dryland farming conditions without anthelmintic drench input, using a systems approach, where effects upon animal productivity and parasites were measured in the same experiment. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Ramirez-Restrepo CA and Barry TN and Lopez-Villalobos N and Kemp PD and Pomroy WB and McNabb WC and Harvey TG and Shadbolt NM} } @conference {41151, title = {Effects of condensed tannins and sesquiterpene lactones extracted from chicory on the viability of deer lungworm larvae}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {60}, year = {2000}, month = {Jan}, pages = {26-29}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, address = {Hamilton}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the effects of condensed tannins (CT) and a crude extract containing sesquiterpene lactones (CSL) extracted from chicory (Cichorium intybus) on the viability of the first (L1) and third stage (L3) larvae of deer lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus in vitro using the larval migration inhibition (LMI) assay. The CT and CSL immobilised larvae and inhibited their migration through 25 mm nylon mesh sieves. Incubation of L1 larvae in rumen fluid (collected from deer fed pasture) containing 100, 400, and 1000 mg CT/ml, inhibited 12\%, 28\% and 41\% of the larvae from passing through the sieves, respectively while the incubation of L3 larvae with rumen fluid containing the same concentrations inhibited 26\%, 37\% and 67\% of L3 larvae from passing through the sieves, respectively. CT were more effective (P < 0.001) at reducing the viability of lungworm L1 and L3 larvae when added to the rumen fluid (pH 6.6) than when added to the abomasal fluid (pH 3.0). L3 larvae were more sensitive to the action of CT than L1 larvae. Addition of 2 mg polyethylene glycol/mg CT eliminated most of the inhibitory effect of CT against L1 and L3 larvae especially during incubation in rumen fluid. The CSL extract showed similar inhibitory activity in both fluids, indicating that this extract was not affected by the pH of the fluid, and they were more effective against L3 than L1 larvae. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Molan AL and Duncan A and Barry TN and McNabb WC} } @conference {41074, title = {Amino acid utilisation by the mammary gland: Whole blood versus plasma free amino acid pools}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {59}, year = {1999}, month = {Jan}, pages = {62-65}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Utilisation of amino acids (AA) by the mammary gland of dairy cows has been studied in order to understand the responses in milk protein production to alterations in nutrient supply. One approach has been the use of balance studies, in which the amount of AA taken up from the blood by the mammary gland is compared with their respective output in milk protein(s). Although it is generally accepted that the free AA pool in blood is the major precursor for milk protein synthesis, there are differences when plasma or whole blood arterio-venous differences (A-V) are used to measure the uptake of AA by the mammary gland. Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained at 2 h intervals from cows fed fresh pasture over two 12-h sampling periods. The samples were subdivided into whole blood (WB) and plasma (P) and analysed for free AA concentrations, which were used to estimate amino acid concentrations in the erythrocyte. There were no significant differences in the A-V calculated from WB or P for the majority of AA. Plasma A-V was significantly higher than WB for threonine (13.9 vs 8.9 nmol/g blood) whilst WB A-V was higher than P for isoleucine (26.9 vs 23.3 nmol/g blood) and tyrosine (11.8 vs 10.3 nmol/g blood). Assuming the differences in A-V between WB and P can be attributed to AA exchange with the red blood cell (RBC), significant (t<0.01) exchange from RBC to the mammary gland occurred for only isoleucine (15\% of WB A-V) and tyrosine (14\% of WB A-V). These results indicate that plasma AA concentrations are valid measures of the immediate free amino acid pool available for uptake by the mammary gland. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Pacheco-Rios D and McNabb WC and Treloar BP and Barry TN and Lee J} } @conference {41103, title = {A review of forage grazing systems to produce venison according to market signals}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {59}, year = {1999}, month = {Jan}, pages = {140-144}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Grazing systems are described for producing venison carcasses weighing 50-65 kg (92-120 kg liveweight) in the spring by one ear of age (30 November), using red and hybrid (0.25 elk: 0.75 red) deer stags. Grazing perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture at 10cm surface height during autumn, winter and spring resulted in 73\% of young stags attaining the desired slaughter target, but variation between years was large (range 25-100\%), with a contributing cause being variation between years in winter growth rate. When red clover and chicory were grazed during autumn and spring, with pasture grazing during winter, the proportion of young stags attaining the desired slaughter target was consistently increased to 90-100\% and mean carcass weights were increased by 11 \& 17\% respectively. Largest responses in deer growth to red clover (26\%) and chicory (47\%) over perennial ryegrass - based pastures were seen during autumn. Both voluntary feed intake (VFI) and digestibility of the diet selected were higher for deer grazing chicory and red clover than perennial ryegrass-based pasture, with the largest effects seen during summer and autumn, when perennial ryegrass was of lowest nutritive value. In indoor studies, both the rates of ruminal degradation and outflow of chicory were greater than for perennial ryegrass, with similar results found for red clover. It was concluded that the faster breakdown and clearance of red clover and chicory from the rumen than perennial ryegrass explained their higher digestibility and VFI by grazing deer. Management of red clover and chicory to increase persistence on commercial deer farms and grazing systems to support year round supply of venison in a branded market strategy are also discussed. For successful venison production by 12 months of age, target growth rates during winter of 100g/day for red deer and 150g/day for hybrids are suggested. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN and Wilson PR and Kemp PD} } @conference {41000, title = {Arterio-venous differences of amino acids across the mammary gland of cows fed fresh pasture at two levels of dry matter intake}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {58}, year = {1998}, month = {Jan}, pages = {98-101}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Four cows housed indoors in metabolism stalls were used in a cross-over experiment to test the effect of two levels of dry matter intake on amino acid metabolism during early lactation (October). Fresh ryegrass/white clover pasture was offered ad libitum or at 75\% of the ad libitum intake during 2 experimental periods. Concentrations of essential amino acids (EAA) in arterial and mammary venous plasma were determined as indicators of the uptake and utilisation of individual AA for milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland. The relative concentrations of free EAA (expressed as \% of total EAA) of lysine, tyrosine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan and histidine were lower in arterial plasma than those in the milk protein, suggesting these as limiting EAA. Using extraction rates of plasma as an indicator of potentially limiting amino acids, leucine, lysine and methionine appeared, in that order, as the most limiting amino acids in the ad libitum animals. In the intake restricted animals, the order of limitation appeared to change to methionine, lysine and leucine. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Pacheco-Rios D and McNabb WC and Cridland S and Barry TN and Lee J} } @conference {40911, title = {The effects of methionine supply on milk composition and production of dairy cows in mid- lactation.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {57}, year = {1997}, month = {Jan}, pages = {147-150}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {A trial assessing the production response of dairy cows to supplementation with methionine (Met) was conducted indoors over a 21-day period with 26 Friesian cows in mid-lactation and individually fed fresh perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. Group 1 (n=9) received twice daily oral methionine (15 g/d) that was protected from rumen degradation (RPM; Lactet); Group 2 (n=9) was given a continuous intravenous infusion of free Met (15 g/d; MET-i.v.); and Group 3 (n=8) was given no methionine supplement (Control). Supplementary methionine tended to slightly depress feed intake but milk yield tended to be higher (P=0.08) for the MET-i.v. group compared with the Control and RPM groups (18.5 {\textpm} 0.48 vs 17.1 {\textpm} 0.45 and 17.2 {\textpm} 0.38 kg/d {\textpm} SE). Compared with the control group, there was a trend for Met (both MET-i.v. and RPM) to reduce milkfat concentration and to increase the concentration of casein. Neither lactose or whey nitrogen (N) concentrations were affected by the treatments. Methionine supplementation did not affect yields of total protein nor protein components; however, when protein and casein yields were adjusted to equal crude protein intake, Met supplemented cows produced significantly (P=0.05) more total protein and casein per unit of N ingested. These results suggest that post-ruminal Met supplementation improved the efficiency with which dietary protein was converted to casein in the pasture-fed dairy cow. More research is required to investigate which AA, individually or in combination, are likely to limit milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland of the pasture-fed dairy cow. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Pacheco-Rios D and McNabb WC and Hill JP and Barry TN and MacKenzie DDS} } @conference {40701, title = {Nutritive value of chicory (Cichorium intybus L) for venison production}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {55}, year = {1995}, month = {Jan}, pages = {169-173}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Results from farmlet studies indicated that anthelmintic treatment of ewes during pregnancy virtually eliminated ewe parasite faecal egg counts and lead to significantly higher lamb weaning weights. The objective of this study was to develop strategies to enable the rearing of lambs within minimal anthelmintic administration. There were four farmlets, with paired units on dry and irrigated land (5 and 6.4 ha respectively) with mixed aged flocks of 60 or 80 ewes respectively. One flock on each pair of farmlets, termed treated flock, were treated with a continuous anthelmintic release bolus in March prior to mating and again 100 days later in June. The control flock of each pair was given an oral anthelmintic post-lambing in line with local farmer practice. In March of both years faecal egg counts (FEC) were similar for all flocks and averaged between 40 and 160 eggs per gram (peg). For bolus treated flocks average FEC declined to 0 after treatment and remained below 32 peg until September. In contrast the control flocks had significantly higher (P<0.001) egg counts at levels of 50 to 600 epg throughout winter, but exhibited the classic periparturient peak in 1993 only. From October all flocks had similar FEC}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Kusmartono and Barry TN and Wilson PR and Kemp PD and Stafford KJ} } @conference {40603, title = {The effects of condensed tannin in Lotus corniculatus upon nutrient metabolism and upon body and wool growth in grazing sheep.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {54}, year = {1994}, month = {Jan}, pages = {219-222}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Lotus corniculatus containing 23 g/kg DM of extractable condensed tannin (CT) and 35 g total CT/kg DM was fed to sheep in two experiments. In both experiments half the sheep received supplementation with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which binds and inactivates CT, enabling the effects of CT to be quantified by comparing control sheep (CT operating) with PEG sheep (CT inactivated). Experiment 1 was conducted indoors, with sheep held in metabolism crates and fed hourly to determine the effects of CT upon apparent digestibility and upon plasma irreversible loss (IRL) rates of methionine, cystine and inorganic sulphate, using 35S labelling. Experiment 2 as a field trial with weaned lambs given a restricted allowance of either lotus corniculatus (CT-containing) or lucerne (non CT-containing), with or without PEG supplementation. In Experiment 1, CT slightly lowered the apparent digestibility of organic matter (0.77 vs 0.80; P<0.1), hemicellulose (0.61 vs 0.67; P=0.118) and markedly reduced nitrogen apparent digestibility (0.72 vs 0.80; P<0.01), but had no effect upon cellulose digestibility. CT increased the IRL of plasma cystine (13.1 vs 7.0 mmol/min; P<0.05) and reduced the IRL of plasma inorganic sulphate (36.8 vs 48.1 mmol/min; P<0.01) but had no effect upon plasma methionine IRL. In Experiment 2, live weight gain and wool growth were similar for sheep grazing lucerne (with and without PEG supplementation) and for sheep grazing lotus with PEG supplementation. In sheep grazing lotus, action of CT increased wool production (12.1 vs 10.9 g/d; P<0.05) and slightly increased live weight gain (203 vs 188 g/d; P=0.07). These experiments showed that CT in Lotus corniculatus increased the amount of cystine available for body synthetic reactions and increased wool growth.}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Wang Y and Waghorn GC and Douglas GB and Barry TN and Wilson GF} } @conference {40564, title = {Voluntary feed intake, growth and efficiency of feed conversion in growing sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red deer (Cervus elaphus)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {54}, year = {1994}, month = {Jan}, pages = {63-66}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Hand-reared sambar and red deer (3 hinds and 5 stags/species) were confined indoors in individual pens and fed a pelleted diet ad libitum, to study seasonal effects upon voluntary feed intake (VFI) and body growth. Mean age at the start of the experiment was 5 months for sambar and 7 months for red deer. Red deer of both sexes showed maximum VFI and liveweight gain (LWG) in summer and minimum values in winter. Sambar of both sexes also showed seasonal cycles in VFI and LWG, but with maximum values in autumn and minimum values in spring, and with the amplitude of the cycles being much less than for red deer. Over a complete 12 month period (7-19 months of age), total LWG was similar in sambar and red deer, but total VFI was lower for sambar (p<0.01) and efficiency of food conversion (kgDM/kgLWG) more efficient for sambar than for red deer (p<0.05). When energy requirements were calculated, the amount of metabolisable energy (ME) required for both maintenance and gain were lower for sambar than for red deer. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Semiadi G and Muir PD and Barry TN} } @conference {40382, title = {Growth and venison production from red deer grazing either red clover or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {52}, year = {1992}, month = {Jan}, pages = {81-84}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Computers will become an increasingly important tool in animal management, as well as in most other areas of agricultural endeavour. Computers are commonly used for recording and analysing both research and centrally located production data, but seldom for on-farm use. This discussion concentrates on the traits that can be recorded at the farm level, and how these records can be used. System specifications for successful on-farm use are also outlined. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Semiadi G and Barry TN and Wilson PR and Hodgson J and Purchas RW} } @conference {40307, title = {The effect of three allowances of red clover on Red deer fawn growth and liveweight change in lactating hinds}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {51}, year = {1991}, month = {Jan}, pages = {185-188}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {The binding of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of predetermined specificity to growth hormone (GH) can result in significant enhancement of the biological activity of the hormone in vivo. The topographic region on GH associated with the enhancement phenomenon has been localised to two proximate sites on adjacent loop regions by extensive peptide synthesis (sequences: 35-53 and 134-154). The application of these observations of GH and (ii) increased production parameters following administration of particular antibodies. The latter aspect has now been demonstrated in a number of animal models by the passive vaccination of animals with purified anti-peptide antisera or monoclonal antibodies. Production parameters affected in such experiments include growth rate, fat metabolism, diabetogenic activity and lactation in ewes. At the present time, it has been shown that peptide sequence 134-154 will elicit up to 80\% high titre, immuno- positive responders in sheep. Monitoring the growth rate and other production parameters of lambs vaccinated with sequence 134-154 indicates improved growth and total protein characteristics. These observations, in conjunction with the development of methodologies for effective autoimmunization of animals, may provide a basis for the design of peptide vaccines to improve animals, may provide a basis for the design of peptide vaccines to improve animal production. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Niezen JH and Barry TN and Hodgson J and Wilson PR and Holmes CW} } @conference {40283, title = {Effects of immunisation against LHRH on body growth, scrotal circumference, and carcass composition in yearling Red deer stags}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {51}, year = {1991}, month = {Jan}, pages = {63-66}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Mammary tissues from virgin, prepartum and lactating ewes were examined by in situ hybridisation with a 35S labelled cRNA probe derived from the bovine alpha-lactalbumin gene. Expression of alpha- lactalbumin was absent in the virgin udders. In the pregnant gland, alpha-lactabumin expression was found in some secretory alveoli but not in others, even though they appeared histologically similar, containing milk or colostrum and fat globules. Fully lactating ewes have several levels of alpha-lactalbumin expression. In secretory epithelium, it was high in collapsed thick walled lactating alveoli, slightly less in distended thin walled lactating alveoli with homogeneous contents and absent from alveoli containing an abundance of large fat globules. Beta-cytophasmic actin expression was the reverse of this. These observations are intriguing and suggest a number of hypotheses. Firstly; that alpha-lactalbumin gene expression is linked to the long term secretory activity of cells and drops off once cells are resting or regressing. Secondly; that alpha-lactalbumin gene expression is highest in those alveoli which are "filling up" and lowest in those which are full or have just been milked out. That is, there are cyclical variation in expression. And thirdly; that there is distinct compartmentalisation in the lactating gland, and synthesis of alpha- lactalbumin mRNA (and the protein?) occurs in cells which synthesise little fat. }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Freudenberger DO and Wilson PR and Purchas RW and Barry TN and Moss BA and Trigg TE} } @conference {40193, title = {Comparative nutrition of deer and goats, goats and sheep}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {50}, year = {1990}, month = {Jan}, pages = {39-42}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {No abstract supplied }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Domingue BMF and Dellow DW and Wilson PR and Barry TN} } @conference {40228, title = {Responses in venison production to grazing pastures based upon perennial ryegrass or annual ryegrass and to immunisation against melatonin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {50}, year = {1990}, month = {Jan}, pages = {279-286}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Annual patterns of fur growth are described from captive possums skin biopsied at three-weekly intervals between April 1985 and May 1987. Counts of hair follicles showed that follicle activity was poorly synchronised between individual possums, with maxima occurring mostly in spring and summer. No more than 40\% of follicles sampled were active at one time in any individual. Derived follicles continued to develop in adult animals, increasing the follicle population by 23 }, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Ataja AM and Wilson PR and Hodgson J and Hoskinson RW and Purchas RW and Varela-Alvarez H and Barry TN} } @conference {40171, title = {Effects of selection for shear strength on the voluntary intake and digestion of perennial ryegrass fed to sheep}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {49}, year = {1989}, month = {Jan}, pages = {221-224}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Mature Romney ewes were involved in three experiments at Flock House Agricultural Centre and Limestone Downs (near Raglan) to identify factors affecting the percentage of ewes pregnant to mating in November and December following treatment with CIDRs and PMSG. Dorset rams were no better than Romney rams for mating and increasing the ram percentage from 10\% to 15\% failed to overcome the low conception rate of 50-65\%. Rams that had been used for mating 11 days previously increased the percentage of ewes pregnant. Ewes previously lambing in autumn had only a 4.8\% increase in ewes mated and pregnant compared with ewes previously lambing in spring. Despite the reuse of CIDRs reducing the percentage of ewes mated by 6.1\% it was still economical to reuse CIDRs. There was a consistent increase in ewes pregnant and multiple pregnancies with increasing dose of PMSG. By contrast live weight had no effect on the reproductive performance of ewes except for those ewes less than 40 kg live weight. Regulin implants failed to overcome the low conception rate of ewes mating following treatment with CIDRs and PMSG in December.}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Inoue T and Brookes IM and Barry TN and John A} } @conference {40135, title = {A study of early venison production from grazing red deer}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {49}, year = {1989}, month = {Jan}, pages = {25-28}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Gene maps of livestock will play an important role in the development of new animal breeding technologies based on molecular techniques. The current status of the bovine gene map is reviewed and various methods of mapping genes are discussed. The task of constructing the bovine gene map will be aided by the conservation of chromosomal segments amongst mammalian species. In particular, the detailed maps of man and the mouse can be used to rapidly establish a provisional, but extensive bovine gene map.}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Ataja AM and Wilson PR and Purchas RW and Hodgson J and Barry TN and Hay RJM} } @conference {39958, title = {Nutritional value of {\textquoteright}Grasslands Maku{\textquoteright} lotus grown on low fertility soils}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {45}, year = {1985}, month = {Jan}, pages = {125-128}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, abstract = {Ingestion of the spores of Pithomyces chartarum by sheep causes liver injury with a resultant rise in the blood concentration of the liver enzyme, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). This paper collates results concerning the effects of facial eczema (as determined by GGT levels) from 2 trials carried out in the autumn of 1981. Wash counts of spores in pasture ranged from nil to 130 000 for 45 days in February- March. Levels of GGT were determined about 1 month later. Factors significantly associated with GGT levels included premating shearing, age, nutrition level (erratic response), and ewe selection line. High levels of GGT were associated with depressed ewe performance. For each 100 iu/l increase in GGT, ewe mating and subsequent weaning weights declined by up to 0.3 and 0.4 kg respectively. Litter birth and weaning weights declined by up to 0.15 and 0.6kg/100 iu. Similarly the proportions of ewes lambing and lambing multiples were reduced by up to 2.5\%. For a modest outbreak of facial eczema causing a rise in GGT of 200 iu/l, the loss in weight of lambs weaned could be as high as 13\%.}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Lowther WL and Barry TN} } @conference {39741, title = {Protein deficiency in growing lambs fed fresh ryegrass/clover pasture ad libitum}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {41}, year = {1981}, month = {Jan}, pages = {233-234}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN and Manley TR and Redekopp C} } @conference {39691, title = {Nutritional evaluation of kale (Brassica oleracea)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {40}, year = {1980}, month = {Jan}, pages = {231-234}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN and Manley TR and Reid TC and Wilson KR and Hemmingsen P and Millar KR} } @conference {39572, title = {Improving forage nutritive value: Some recent findings in forage conservation research in Europe}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {37}, year = {1977}, month = {Jan}, pages = {249-257}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN and Wilkinson JM and Wilkins RJ} } @conference {39484, title = {Farm production experiments comparing formaldehyde-treated silage with conventional feeds for wintering yearling beef cattle}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {35}, year = {1975}, month = {Jan}, pages = {167}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Binnie DB and Barry TN and Risk WH} } @conference {39483, title = {Winter performance of beef weaners fed untreated and formaldehyde-treated wilted lucerne silages and hay}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {35}, year = {1975}, month = {Jan}, pages = {160-166}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Scales GH and Barry TN} } @conference {39425, title = {Beef production from untreated silage and silage treated with a mixture of formalin and formic acid}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {34}, year = {1974}, month = {Jan}, pages = {79-81}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN} } @conference {39356, title = {The Effect of Formaldehyde Treatment on the Chemical Composition, Apparent Digestibility and Voluntary Intake of Silage by Sheep}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {32}, year = {1972}, month = {Jan}, pages = {48-49}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN and Fennessy PF and Duncan SJ} } @conference {39337, title = {The Effect of Treating Forage with Formaldehyde During Haymaking and Methionine Administration During Feeding on the Digestion and Utilization of Energy and Nitrogen by Sheep}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {31}, year = {1971}, month = {Jan}, pages = {129-134}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN} } @conference {39314, title = {The effect of feeding formaldehyde-treated casein and lucerne meal to sheep on nitrogen metabolism and wool production}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {30}, year = {1970}, month = {Jan}, pages = {216-217}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN} } @conference {39286, title = {The effect of plane of nutrition and feeding Formalin-treated casein on the production, fibre diameter and tensile strength of wool}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, volume = {29}, year = {1969}, month = {Jan}, pages = {218}, publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production}, issn = {1176-5283}, author = {Barry TN} }