@conference {3672,
	title = {A comparison of faecal sample collection times for estimating faecal output and total tract digestibility using inert markers in sheep offered three ryegrass cultivars at two allowances},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {43-48},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to compare different faecal sampling regimes (collected in the morning (am) or the afternoon (pm), or the weighted mean of both times) for determining the concentrations of faecal markers (the natural odd-chain n-alkanes (C27 
{\textendash} C35) contained in feed, the dosed (once daily in the morning) synthetic n-alkanes (C32 and C36) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)) and their accuracy for estimating dry matter digestibility (DMD) and faecal dry matter (DM) output from wethers (n = 30) fed cut ryegrasses.  The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) with measured faecal DM output was strong (CCC = 0.8) for faecal DM output predicted from the mean concentration of C32 in morning and afternoon faeces (am+pm), moderate (CCC = 0.6-0.7) when predicted from TiO2 am and am+pm, and weak when predicted from C36. The DMD predicted by C27 and C33 at either collection time, and by C29 and C31 for samples collected in the pm, were similar to measured DMD. The estimated DMD based on faecal C35 had a negligible CCC with measured DMD (CCC<0.1), while other natural n-alkanes had a low to moderate CCC (0.3-0.6) with measured DMD, especially for the samples collected pm and am+pm. For applications with grazing animals, where marker dosing and faecal sampling is often restricted to once daily in the morning for practical reasons, TiO2 was the most accurate marker to estimate faecal DM output and C31 or C33 were the most accurate and precise markers to estimate DMD.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jonker A and Cosgrove GP}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Nitrogen partitioning in sheep offered three perennial ryegrass cultivars at two allowances in spring and autumn},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {74-78},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jonker A and Cheng L and Edwards GR and Molano G and Taylor PS and Sonoval E and Cosgrove GP}
}
@conference {3678,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Methane emissions by sheep offered high sugar or conventional perennial ryegrass at two allowances},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {145-147},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with a higher concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) has been bred by plant breeders (Humphreys 1989). Ryegrass with a higher WSC can potentially alter rumen microbial fermentation, synchrony of energy and protein in the rumen, total energy supply to the animal and consequently productivity (Edwards et al. 2007). Methane originates mainly from rumen fermentation and is the main greenhouse-gas produced by New Zealand (NZ) agriculture (MfE 2013). The higher concentration of WSC in high sugar ryegrass (HSG) can change rumen fermentation patterns (Lee et al. 2003) and may consequently affect methane emissions. Methane emissions are largely driven by dry matter intake (DMI) (Hammond et al. 2013) and methane mitigation strategies are often more effective at a high DMI (Moe \& Tyrrell 1979). However, a true methane mitigation strategy should be effective at any DMI level.

The objective of this study was to determine methane emissions from sheep fed freshly cut diploid HSG, conventional diploid ryegrass (CRG) and tetraploid ryegrass (TRG) offered at two levels of metabolisable energy for maintenance (MEm).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jonker A and Molano G and Sandoval E and Taylor PS and Antwi C and Cosgrove GP}
}
@conference {75911,
	title = {In vitro digestion of ryegrasses harvested in the morning and afternoon to manipulate water soluble carbohydrate concentration},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {229-233},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {The concentration of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) increases during the day and the difference between morning and afternoon is greater and more consistent than the difference between cultivars. An in vitro batch culture system was used to compare the fermentation of ryegrass cultivars that differed in WSC, after harvesting samples in the morning (08:00 h) and afternoon (16:00 h). Bottles were placed in a shaking incubator at 39{\textdegree}C and removed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours to measure pH and concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Ryegrasses harvested in the afternoon had 81-114 g/kg dry matter more WSC, 3-12 g/kg dry matter less neutral detergent fibre and 14-25 g/kg DM less crude protein than morning samples. Compared to morning harvested ryegrass cultivars, afternoon harvested ryegrass cultivars had the lowest yields of VFA. Afternoon-harvested ryegrass cultivars, especially high sugar ryegrass, were rapidly fermented and after four hours the pH of high sugar ryegrass decreased to less than 5.8, which has been reported to cause suboptimal fibre digestion. It may be possible to manipulate the WSC concentration of a pasture diet by altering grazing management practices. Further research is required to characterise the optimum concentration of WSC for efficient rumen fermentation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke D and Pacheco JL and Cosgrove GP}
}
@conference {69463,
	title = {Effect of white clover containing high or low concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate on metabolic indicators of protein degradationin the rumen of dairy cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {23-28},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {White clover has high nutritive value, but contains excess protein relative to energy, leading to the wasteful excretion of nitrogen (N) by animals. Five cycles of divergent selection has resulted in white clover lines having high (HS) or low (LS) concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate. A grazing trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of this selection on protein utilization, using skatole and indole concentrations in the milkfat as metabolic indicators for nitrogen utilisation in the rumen. Skatole and indole arise in the rumen from the degradation of the amino acid tryptophan, and rapidly accumulate in milkfat of lactating animals fed diets rich in soluble and degradable protein. Skatole and indole concentrations were both significantly (P <0.001) lower in cows fed HS clover (356 and 84 ng/g milkfat for skatole and indole, respectively) compared to those fed the LS white clover diet (800 and 420 ng/g milkfat, respectively) suggesting protein utilisation of the HS clover was improved. Although not statistically significant in this short-term study, the trends to lower concentrations of milk urea-nitrogen and urinary-N, and the nitrogen:creatine ratio for the HS clover were in the direction expected and warrant further investigation under longer-term feeding.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Higgs RJ and Cosgrove GP and Burke JL and Lane GA and Pacheco D and Fraser K and Death AF and Ford JL}
}
@conference {69474,
	title = {Evaluation of sensors for monitoring rumen pH, temperature and pressure},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {71-76},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Electronic intra-ruminal sensors and telemetry offer new opportunities for remote monitoring of the rumen environment. Sensors capable of measuring pH, temperature and pressure were subjected to laboratory and intra-ruminal evaluation in rumen-fistulated cows offered baleage indoors or hay with pasture outdoors. Each bolus underwent a testing sequence consisting of i) bench-top calibration against certified devices, ii) testing in the rumen to validate sensor measurement against actual measurement, and iii) monitoring the rumen environment of cows under contrasting feeding conditions for periods up to 72 hours. Bolus efficacy was evaluated from the accuracy of temperature and pressure measurements, stability of pH measurements over several days and the data capture rate being the actual number of data transmissions received as a proportion of the number expected based on transmission frequency setting. Intra-ruminal records show clear relationships of pH with diet and feeding bouts, whilst temperature records indicated drinking. Pressure changes were more difficult to interpret but may indicate satiety. These devices provide non-disruptive monitoring of rumen parameters and would be useful for studies of nutritional manipulation and rumen digestion efficiency, and for monitoring aspects of animal health.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lin X and Pacheco D and Kemp PD and Waghorn GC and Cosgrove GP}
}
@conference {60975,
	title = {Urinary nitrogen excretion from cows at different stage of lactation grazing different ryegrass cultivars during spring or autumn},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {196-200},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The effects of season (spring or autumn) and stage of lactation (early or late) on the partitioning of dietary nitrogen (N) between milk and urine were measured in experiments in which cows grazed forages with putative differences in the ratio of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to crude protein (CP). Sixty cows (n = 30 for each stage of lactation) grazed one of three forages during spring and autumn. Forage treatments consisted of a {\textquoteright}standard{\textquoteright} perennial ryegrass (STG) and two ryegrasses with high WSC concentrations: a perennial {\textquoteright}high sugar{\textquoteright} ryegrass (HSG), and an annual ryegrass (IRG). In spring, grass type had a significant effect on the estimated urinary N excretion. Both the HSG and STG resulted in greater N excretion compared to the IRG, due to the low CP concentration in this forage in one of the grazing periods. In autumn, cows grazing STG excreted less urinary N than both HSG and IRG. In both seasons, cows in early lactation secreted more N into milk but were not different in N excretion. In early lactation cows, the extra N in milk was only a small proportion of the potential N intake arising from higher CP content in autumn grasses. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Pacheco D and Lowe K and Burke JL and Cosgrove GP}
}
@conference {41864,
	title = {Clover-rich diets and production, behaviour and nutrient use by cows in late lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {42-49},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The nutritional value of legumes for high milk production is seldom captured because grazed dairy pastures in NZ typically contain insufficient legume to satisfy the cows{\textquoteright} requirements. This paper reports interim results from a project investigating novel methods of forage presentation to cows, to enhance the contribution of legume to their diet. Four groups of spring-calving cows (n=5) in late-lactation were allocated to four treatments in a balanced, cross-over design. Two treatments consisted of spatial and temporal arrangements of grass and white clover allocated to cows as follows: i) continuous free access to grass and white clover growing separately as side-by-side monocultures (G/C) and ii) grass-only at {\textquoteleft}night{\textquoteleft} between the afternoon and morning milking and clover-only during the {\textquoteleft}day{\textquoteleft} between morning and afternoon milking (GnCd). These were compared against controls of iii) a typical mixed ryegrass-white clover pasture (Mix; an industry standard) and iv) a ryegrass-only pasture (Grass; a forage standard). Cows grazed each treatment for 8 days before moving to the next treatment in the pre-determined sequence. Measurements included milk production and composition, the time spent grazing during the day and the night (separately for grass and white clover in G/C) and the concentrations in the milk of skatole and indole, as metabolic indicators of nutrient acquisition and utilisation in the contrasting forage treatments. Cows offered G/C or GnCd produced 19.4 and 17.9 kg milk/cow/day, respectively, compared with 15.0 and 14.6 kg/cow/day when offered Mix or Grass, respectively (P=0.01, SEM=0.74). The diurnal distribution of grazing was influenced by pasture treatment (treatment x time interaction P <0.001). Cows on G/C grazed proportionately more at {\textquoteleft}night{\textquoteright} and cows on GnCd proportionately less at {\textquoteleft}night{\textquoteright} compared with Grass or Mix. GnCd constrained the cows to spend less time grazing clover than those offered G/C (245 vs. 408 mins grazing clover during 24 hrs) and more time grazing grass (253 vs. 105 mins in 24 hrs). The apparent {\textquoteleft}restriction{\textquoteleft} in GnCd to grazing clover-only during the day did not significantly reduce milk yield compared with G/C. The spatial and temporal allocations of grass and clover affected the concentrations of indolic compounds in PM and AM milk, suggesting there is scope to improve the efficiency of protein utilisation in the rumen. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Burke JL and Death AF and Lane GA and Fraser K and Pacheco D and Parsons AJ}
}
@conference {41901,
	title = {Urinary biomarkers of forage feeding from ESI-MS/MS fingerprinting: exploratory studies},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {230-235},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The combination of metabolic profiling by a combination of broad-spectrum analytical methods and multivariate statistics offers new opportunities for obtaining a global over-view of metabolism. It also facilitates the discovery of metabolites which can serve as useful markers of biological processes or states ("biomarkers"). Fast liquid chromatography and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation in an ion-trap (fast LC-ESI-MS/MS) has been applied to determine metabolic profiles of bovine urine samples. The samples were collected twice daily from groups of five lactating dairy cows grazing in four different forage management systems comprising different spatial and temporal allocations of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). The data have been analysed by different multivariate statistical methods, and a number of candidate biomarkers of forage feed and diurnal processes have been identified. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lane GA and Fraser K and Cao M and Koulman A and Cosgrove GP and Death A}
}
@conference {41340,
	title = {The effect of endophyte alkaloids on diet selection by sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {167-170},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Sheep have a strong preference for clover in summer. One explanation for this may be the avoidance of alkaloids such as lolitrem B, ergovaline and peramine that are produced at that time of the year by endophytic fungi in ryegrass. We tested this hypothesis by exposing groups of three sheep to three food items (ryegrass with wild-type endophyte (E+), ryegrass with no endophyte (E-), and white clover (CL)), in December and in February. Each food was offered singly and in pairs, and time spent grazing on each food, short-term dry matter (DM) intake rate, and preference was measured. In February, sheep given E+ or E- ryegrass alone, grazed for 400 mins/day, compared with 370 mins/day when given a choice between them (P=0.15, SEM=14). The time spent grazing on the E+/E- choice was comprised of 280 mins/day on E- and 90 mins/day on E+ indicating a strong preference for E-. When offered ryegrass and white clover, the total grazing time (335 mins/day), and the grazing time on clover (285 mins/day) and on ryegrass (50 mins/day), were similar for E+/CL and E-/CL. Short-term dry matter intake rate of grass (3.4 g DM/min), and the strong preference for clover in this study, were unaffected by the presence of endophyte. We conclude that while sheep detect endophyte alkaloids, they avoid eating them only when doing so does not reduce daily intake or change the proportion of grass and clover in their diet. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Anderson CB and Phillot M and Nyfeler D and Hume DE and Parsons AJ and Lane GA}
}
@conference {41339,
	title = {Growing grass and clover separately allows animals to sustain a high nutrient intake},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {163-166},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {White clover has high nutritive value but the proportion in mixed pasture and therefore the diet, is often low. Offering sheep ryegrass and clover growing side-by-side, for short periods, increases the proportion of clover in the diet and daily intake compared to a mixed pasture. This experiment tested whether sheep offered ryegrass and clover side-by-side could sustain a high proportion of clover in their diet and a high daily intake, compared with sheep grazing ryegrass alone, clover alone and ryegrass and white clover growing as a mixed sward. Forty-eight dry, non-pregnant Romney ewes (56 {\textpm} 1.8kg live weight) were randomly allocated to four replicates (two spatial x two temporal) of each treatment (n=3) for 12 days. Average grazing time was 292 {\textpm} 16.2 min/day and did not differ significantly among treatments. Short-term intake rate on clover (5.0 g/min) was higher than ryegrass (3.5 g/min) (P=0.02). As a result, clover dominant diets supported higher daily intake (1.36 kg/d for clover alone vs. 1.08 kg/d for ryegrass alone). Sheep sustained a diet of 70\% clover and 30\% ryegrass, showing that predominance of clover in the diet was not a result of novelty. This improved daily intake would provide significant benefit to animal production systems and can be achieved simply by growing grass and clover separately. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Marotti DM and Cosgrove GP and Chapman DF and Parsons AJ and Egan AR and Anderson CB}
}
@conference {41366,
	title = {New opportunities to improve forage- based production systems},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {273-277},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>Pasture based grazing systems in New Zealand provide many benefits such as low costs of production but there are also limitations to current high stocking rate systems. These include inconsistent quality and composition of pasture and therefore animal diet. The requirements for high production and tolerance to frequent grazing limit the number of species which can be successfully grown. The rate of productivity improvement has declined in recent years and new methods of management are needed to increase production and meet changing market requirements. Altering methods of forage presentation has been shown to improve production of milk and meat from pasture by allowing animals to achieve a high daily intake of desirable species such as clover. Further new evidence of the capacity of animals to regulate their intake toward goals other than maximizing daily dry matter intake is presented. It is argued that new opportunities for increasing grassland productivity will need to consider the behavioural responses of animals grazing pasture.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Marotti DM and Chapman DF and Cosgrove GP and Parsons AJ and Egan AR}
}
@conference {41233,
	title = {Opportunities for enhancing the delivery of novel forage attributes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {16-19},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Allocating spatially separated forage choices to grazing animals overcomes constraints inherent in mixed pastures and   sustainably delivers the required diet composition, satisfies their desire for mixed diets, and so offers a simple way to   enhance the delivery of the benefits of current and novel forage attributes.  Sheep offered grass and clover in this way   increased daily dry matter intake by 265 g/day (25\%, P<0.05) compared with conventional pasture and sustained 60-70\%  clover in their diet.   Milk production by cows was boosted by 11\% (2.4 kg/cow/day, P<0.01).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Parsons AJ and Marotti DM and Rutter SM and Chapman DF}
}
@conference {41177,
	title = {Effects of yarding and transport on muscle glycogen concentration in beef cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {124-125},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Low ultimate-pH of beef is desirable because it enhances shelf life, colour and tenderness. Pre-slaughter stress is thought to deplete muscle glycogen and in extreme cases lead to higher ultimate pH of beef. Seventeen-month-old steers were allocated to three treatments (n=15): Control (C, grazing on pasture), Yarded (Y, held for 24 hours in cattle yards) and Yarded plus Transported (YT, as for Y but also trucked for 4 hours during the 24-hour yarding period). The Y and YT animals lost weight (average 25.5 kg) during time off pasture. Plasma glucose and lactate did not differ across treatments. Plasma cortisol and creatine kinase concentrations were increased by YT and plasma non-esterified fatty acids concentration by both Y and YT. Despite these indicators of occurrence of mild stress, especially in YT, muscle (longissimus dorsi) glycogen concentration was not influenced by treatments. Results suggest that increased emphasis on improved animal handling during yarding and trucking of cattle is unlikely to markedly lower the incidence of high-pH beef. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lambert MG and Knight TW and Cosgrove GP and Death AF and Anderson CB}
}
@conference {41003,
	title = {The effect of secondary compounds of birdsfoot trefoil and red clover on dairy cow grazing preferences},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {110-112},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The responses of grazing animals to specific plant secondary compounds were examined in trials in which dairy cows grazed spaced plants of either birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) with high and low concentration of extractable condensed tannins (2.54 and 0.62 \% in the DM respectively for high and low tannin genotypes), or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) with high and low formononetin concentration (0.68 and 0.29 \% in the DM respectively for high and low formononetin genotypes). Plants were established in 4 linear sequences of 26, each providing three blocks (replicates) of balanced sets of 2 plant species, 2 concentrations of test components, and plants either not trimmed or trimmed to minimise physical differences between genotypes within species. The sequences were grazed by four trained cows and selective behaviour was determined by the number of grazing bites per plant. Observations were repeated in March (P1) and April (P2). On average, animals grazed more on non-trimmed than on trimmed plants (7.6 vs 3.1 {\textpm} 0.711 bites/plant in P1, P=0.0001; and 8.4 vs 3.6 {\textpm} 0.858 bites/plant in P2, P=0.0002), but did not show clear discrimination between red clover and lotus (6.3 vs 4.4 {\textpm} 0.711 bites/plant in P1, P=0.053; and 6.3 vs 5.7 {\textpm} 0.858 bites/plant in P2, P=0.620). However, though the distribution of bites between red clover plants with high and low formononetin was similar (7.2 vs 5.5 {\textpm} 0.76 bites/plant in P1, P= 0.130; and 7.3 vs 5.3 {\textpm} 1.08 bites/plant in P2, P= 0.191), they showed strong preference for low condensed tannin concentration in lotus ( 2.1 vs 6.6 {\textpm} 1.11 bites/plant in P1, P= 0.0068; and 3.9 vs 11.1 {\textpm} 1.35 bites/plant in P2, P= 0.069). },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Poli CHEC and Hodgson J and Arnold GC and Cosgrove GP}
}
@conference {41040,
	title = {Exercise effects on muscle glycogen concentration in beef cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {243-244},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Low ultimate-pH of beef is desirable because it increases shelf life and has beneficial effects on colour and tenderness. Industry recommendations are that beef animals are not exercised strenuously prior to trucking, as this may trigger depletion of muscle glycogen and lead to higher beef pH. In 2 experiments, 400-500 kg 18-month-old steers were exercised at a range of intensities up to 5 km distance at 8 km/hr. Biopsy samples from the longissimus dorsi muscle were taken and glycogen concentration measured. Although plasma lactate levels were elevated by exercise there was no significant depletion in muscle glycogen concentration (average 17.7 mg/g tissue). Depletion may have occurred had animals been heavier and fatter, or if the exercise regime had been more severe. Alternatively, it may be that at the level of exercise imposed (which was severe by farm-practice standards), animals also needed to be emotionally stressed in order to precipitate a depletion of glycogen, through a combination of muscle contractile and adrenergic reactions. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lambert MG and Knight TW and Cosgrove GP and Anderson CB and Death AF and Fisher AD}
}
@conference {40977,
	title = {Sampling strategy for estimating dairy-pasture quality},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {25-28},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Rapid determination of pasture quality using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) makes it feasible for farmers to
incorporate forage composition in feed budgeting and feed supplementation decisions for grazing animals.  In grazed pastures,
heterogeneity in the distribution of the mass and quality, necessitates a sampling strategy to accurately predict the diet. A single paddock
was systematically sampled by selecting 60 sites according to a pre-determined grid. At 12 of these sites, 4 separate but adjacent samples
of 150 x 150 mm were taken from within a 300 x 300 mm quadrat. To characterise vertical heterogeneity, the herbage at each of the
60 sites was cut sequentially into 4 equal strata, the depth of each being one-quarter of the canopy surface height at that site. These
samples were used to derive a statistically-based 3-dimensional characterisation of variability of herbage mass and of several
parameters of herbage quality determined using NIRS. This description was used to calculate the number of samples necessary to
estimate parameters to arbitary, pre-determined levels of accuracy of {\textpm} 50 kg DM/ha for herbage mass in each stratum, {\textpm} 50 g/kg protein
(PROT), acid detergent and neutral detergent fibre (ADF; NDF), {\textpm} 20 g/kg for soluble carbohydrate (CARB), {\textpm} 25 g/kg for in-vitro
dry matter digestibility (DIG) and {\textpm} 0.5 MJ/kg for metabolizable energy (ME). A minimum of six samples bulked together is necessary
to estimate PROT, CARB, NDF and ADF to the specified level of accuracy, and this number was similar for each stratum. Twelve
samples are required to estimate ME and DIG for each of the 3 upper strata, but in the lowest stratum with greater variability, 48 and
19 samples would be required for ME and DIG, respectively, to reach the same accuracy. A sampling strategy should take the suggested
number of samples by systematically covering the paddock area. Uncertainty in the depth of sampling because of the necessity to sample
before grazing has little effect on the number of samples required or on the accuracy of estimates, providing the lowest stratum is not
penetrated during either sampling or grazing.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Betteridge K and Thomas VJ and Corson DC}
}
@conference {40926,
	title = {Age at castration after puberty has no effect on carcass weight.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {196},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Bulls grow faster than steers but produce meat with lower quality, which presents fewer marketing opportuni-ties. Castration post-puberty improves several attributes of meat quality compared with bulls and theoretically it could be used to exploit the faster growth rates of bulls. How-ever, the 23 kg liveweight advantage of bulls over steers, when surgically castrated at 17 months-of-age, was lost in the subsequent 5 months to slaughter, because of poorer post-castration growth rate (Cosgrove et al.1996). It was not clear whether this was because of stress from surgical castration, or physiological effects associated with their age at castration. This trial examined the effect of age at castration on subsequent growth rate and carcass character-istics at slaughter.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Knight TW and Death AF and Lambert MG}
}
@conference {40927,
	title = {Cattle diet preference and species selection as influenced by availability.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {197-198},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Diet composition is partly determined by selective grazing. In general, cattle show a preference for a mixed diet (Cosgrove et al., 1996), with partial preference for legumes over grasses (Parsons et al., 1994). This work was conducted to determine if cattle modify their dietary pref-erence as the availability of a preferred species decreases.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Torres-Rodriguez A and Cosgrove GP and Hodgson J and Anderson CB}
}
@conference {40867,
	title = {Effects of post-pubertal castration and diet on growth rate and meat quality of bulls},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {390-393},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {By castrating bulls post-puberty and then finishing before slaughter it  may be possible to obtain both the higher growth rate of bulls but the meat  quality of steers. Of 50 crossbred bulls, 20 were castrated at 10 months-of  age (steers) and 20 castrated at 17 months-of age (castrates). One month  after the latter castration, all animals commenced a 100 day finishing period  and were slaughtered at the end. Ten steers and 10 castrates were fed a diet  of 50\% barley : 50\% silage while the rest grazed brassica crop and pasture.  Bulls were 20 kg heavier than steers at post-pubertal castration (388 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Knight TW and Lambert MG and Death AF}
}
