@article {3672,
	title = {Modelling winter feeding practices with fodder beet in growing and dry dairy cattle},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2022},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {39-44},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {<p>The objective of this study was to use the Large Ruminant Nutrition System simulation (LRNS) model to evaluate inclusion of different proportions of fodder beet (FB) with several feed supplements to determine if these dietary combinations meet the nutrient requirements of dry cows and growing one-year-old (R1) heifers over winter. The LRNS simulations demonstrated deficiencies in Ca and P when diets contained 60 and 80\% of FB, especially for dry cows up to 21 days before calving and in R1 heifers. When FB comprised 60-80\% of the diet of R1 heifers, there was insufficient metabolisable protein to support maximum average daily gain and insufficient physically effective neutral detergent fibre (peNDF) in diets containing over 60\% FB. Diets containing more than 40\% FB had a negative rumen degraded protein balance (RDPB) and an excess non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) concentration. Recommendations based on this modelling are for a maximum of 60\% FB in diets and forage supplements must provide sufficient crude protein (CP) as well as supplementation of Ca for R1 heifers and dry cows up to 21 days before calving and P for both dry cows and R1 heifers.</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jonker A and Dalley DE and Woods RR and Dynes RA and Pacheco D and Khan MA and Edwards JP and Hammond KJ}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Greenhouse gas emissions from New Zealand sheep-and-beef farm systems},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {56-60},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Agriculture was the single largest contributor (48.1\%) to total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in New Zealand in 2017, and sheep and beef livestock systems contributed about 40\% of these emissions. A holistic assessment of the farm-scale drivers of GHG emissions is critical to identifying opportunities to reduce emissions. We used farm-scale models to estimate feed inventories, nutrient flows and GHG emissions for 60 sheep and beef farms. The range in annual GHG emissions (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) was 189 to 6,362 kg carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents per hectare, demonstrating the diversity in sheep and beef systems. As stocking rate and animal product (wool + net carcass weight) per hectare increased, GHG emissions increased, although some farms exhibited 50\% higher emissions than others with similar animal product per hectare. The variation in GHG emissions across these farms indicates there is potential to reduce on-farm GHG emissions and remain productive and profitable.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hutchinson KJ and Rennie GM and Vibart RE and Mercer GJK and O{\textquoteright}Neil K and Burtt AN and Chrystal JM and Devantier B and Smiley DR and Taylor AL and Thompson BR and Wall AJ and Dynes RA}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Carbon footprint of two unique farms, compared with industry averages},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {118-124},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Three years of data from a North Island breeding property (Onetai) and a South Island finishing property (Highlands) were modelled in Farmax and Overseer{\textregistered}, to estimate production, profitability and GHG emissions. On an annual basis, each hectare of Onetai averaged more than 100 kg meat and 25 kg of fibre across three years, worth $420/ha. On Highlands, each hectare produced 200 to 327 kg of meat and 20 kg of fibre, with revenue on average $737/ha, but varying between $433/ha in a drought and almost $900/ha in better seasons. GHG emissions (in CO2 equivalents CO2-e) ranged from 3106 to 3302 kg/ha at Onetai, and from 3043 to 5067 kg/ha at Highlands. The dramatic variation on the finishing farm was due to varying numbers of store stock purchased and finished according to available forage. Industry data for similar class farms modelled using the same software averaged around 3600 kg CO2-e /ha. Similar farms ($339/ha) were less profitable than Onetai, and finishing farms were less profitable than Highlands ($467/ha). Per hectare, all farms emitted similar amounts of GHG to literature values, but study farms produced more meat and greater financial returns. Greater efficiency of production is better for the pocket and the planet.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dynes RA and Scobie DR and Vibart RE and Rennie G and Hutchinson KJ and Taylor A and Moss RA and Dennis S and Wall A}
}
@conference {3678,
	title = {Matching need with delivery: New Zealand farmer learning case studies},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {179-183},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {Effective farmer extension programs are needed for industry to capture the benefits of agricultural research. We describe three case studies adopting different delivery approaches to extension. Each case study was developed using key principles of adult learning, particularly the principle of learner-centred approaches where farmers are part of the design and development of workshops, tools and resources. The case studies are discussed in relation to the needs of the adult learner, including the need to know, self-concept, prior experience, readiness to learn, learning orientation and motivation to learn.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dynes RA and Brown MA and Bewsell D}
}
@conference {75897,
	title = {Modelling farm management scenarios that illustrate opportunities farmers have to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining profitability},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {167-1"71},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {Farmer focus groups have been involved in a range of learning exercises and farm system modelling exercises to determine the effect that alternative farm management scenarios would have on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profiles on-farm. Annual GHG emissions from the current livestock farming policies for the sheep and beef property were estimated to be 4.91 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per hectare (t CO2-e/ha) or 14.3 kg CO2-e per kg of meat and fibre produced. All of the alternative farm management options had a small impact on total GHG emissions, ranging from a reduction of 0.67 t CO2-e/ha to an increase in 0.42 t CO2-e/ha (-13\% and + 8\% of the whole farm emissions per hectare, respectively). Most exposed the business to greater risk due to market and climate variability. The Canterbury dairy farm annual GHG emissions from the current farm were estimated to be 13.1 t CO2-e/ha or 9.9 kg CO2-e per kg of milk solids. Across the mitigation scenarios investigated total GHG emissions were up to 14\% lower than the baseline farm while emissions intensity ranged from 33\% higher to 9\% lower than the baseline farm. Opportunities which decreased emissions intensity and increased profit were identified; these require consideration of multiple risks around climate and market variability.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dynes RA and Smeaton DC and Rhodes AP and Fraser TJ and Brown MA}
}
@conference {69485,
	title = {Factors affecting dressing-out percentage of lambs},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {121-126},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The trial objective was to determine if hot carcass dressing out percentage (DO\%) calculated as hot carcass weight/live weight, differed with either lamb pre-slaughter live weight (SlLW) or total tissue depth over the 12th rib (GR) and to identify other factors altering DO\%. Data from ten experiments showed that SlLW only accounted for small, and measured GR moderate, amounts of variation in DO\%. DO\% was increased; by increasing the pre-slaughter fasting time; by increasing pasture allowance and by feeding more digestible forages such as clover, chicory or plantain versus grass based pasture. Similar trends occurred with the relationship between GR and DO\%. At the same SlLW wether lambs had a lower DO\% than female lambs but at the same GR there were no gender differences. At the same SlLW and GR, faster growing lambs had a lower DO\%. While many factors significantly altered DO\% including SlLW or GR, large amounts of variation in DO\% remained unexplained.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Litherland AJ and Dynes RA and Moss RA}
}
@conference {40443,
	title = {Rate of intake by sheep of different genotypes of subterranean clover in the vegetative growth stage},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {7-10},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Consulting Officer survey data from 198 owner/operator dairy farms for the 1991/92 season was analyzed. Trends in income, farm costs and profitability at changing levels of milkfat production/ha were examined.  Increases in milkfat production/ha were associated with increases in stocking rate (R},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dynes RA and Baker SK and Purser DB and Klein L and Wang XR}
}
@conference {40343,
	title = {Effects of fasting and an opioid antagonist on food intake in lambs infected with intestinal parasites},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {371-374},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A divergent selection experiment with Romney sheep, using plasma  concentration of IGF-1 measured 4 weeks after weaning as the selection  criterion, was initiated in 1986. From 111 ram lambs born and reared as  twins, 4 with the highest level of IGF-1, 4 with the lowest level and 4  selected at random were used to create three lines (high, low and  control). Each ram was randomly mated with 25 ewes. Data from 1986  (number of lambs=111), and two F1 generations (1988, n=241 and 1989,  n=151) are presented here. Analysis of variance showed that date of  birth, age of dam, rearing rank, and sex significantly contributed to  variation in plasma levels of IGF-1. Expression of variation in plasma  IGF-1 between years appeared to be influenced by variation in pasture  supply. Residual correlations between IGF-1 levels and production  traits were positive but of variable magnitude (weaning weight, 0.14 to  0.43; post-weaning growth rate, -0.07 to 0.24; fleeceweight, 0.27).  Based on the selection differential generated by initial screening of  rams and the average divergency between the high and low lines, realised  heritabilities of 0.22 and 0.27 were obtained for plasma IGF-1  concentration in 1988 and 1989, respectively.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dynes RA and Poppi DP and Barrell GK and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40220,
	title = {The effect of endoparasitism on host nutrition - the implications for nutrient manipulation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {237-244},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Colostrum is an essential post-natal energy source. We have   investigated the link between lamb serum immunoglobulin concentration   and colostrum intake as a means of estimating lamb energy intake.     Thirty previously unsuckled Coopworth and Corriedale lambs were bottle   fed fresh colostrum at 60, 135, 210 or 285 ml/kg birth weight 24 hr in   equal feeds at 2 or 4 hour intervals from birth to 30 hours after birth.   IgG in serum was measured before first feeding and then at 8 hour   intervals to 32 hours after first feeding by ZnSO4 turbidity. Prior to   feeding mean serum IgG concentration of the lambs was 0.41},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Poppi DP and Sykes AR and Dynes RA}
}
@conference {40222,
	title = {Studies on the physiological basis of appetite depression in nematode infection in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {249-254},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The influence of preweaning growth rate on postweaning growth   and carcass grading characteristics was investigated in two experiments   with lambs at pasture. Differences in preweaning growth rate due to   within mob variation, feed allowance treatments or rearing rank had   small or no effects on postweaning growth when lambs were offered the   same pasture allowance per unit of liveweight or per head after weaning.   Therefore lambs with slower preweaning growth rates had lighter   carcasses at a common age (P<0.01) or were older at a common weight   (P<0.05). Carcass GR measurements were not significantly influenced by   preweaning growth rates when compared at the same carcass weight and   slaughter date. An increase in weight-adjusted GR measurements was   observed over autumn.    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dynes RA and Ankersmit AEL and Poppi DP and Barrell GK and Sykes AR}
}
