@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Behaviour and physiology of lambs with gastrointestinal nematode parasitism},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2022},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {104-107},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {The behaviour and physiology of lambs with gastrointestinal nematode infections (GIN) was evaluated. Thirty 8-month-old Romney wethers were assigned to one of two treatments (n=15/treatment) trickle dosed with either 1500 infective third stage larvae 3 days/week for 6 weeks (27,000 total L3; challenged), or water 3 days/week for 6 weeks (control). Blood and faecal samples were collected weekly during the study. Lipidomics were performed on plasma samples. Behaviour was observed from video-camera recordings once weekly over the study. At treatment week 4, specific triglycerides were elevated in the challenged lambs compared to controls (P<=0.05). Faecal egg counts were higher in challenged than control lambs from treatment week 4 (154 epg; P<=0.001). Challenged lambs had higher standing bouts at week 4 than baseline (5.6 bouts) whereas there were no differences in standing bouts for control lambs between baseline and week 4. Triglycerides and standing behaviour show promise for early identification of GIN.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hempstead MN and Waghorn TS and Gibson MJ and Sauermann CW and Ross AB and Cave VM and Sutherland MA and Sutherland IA}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Effect of breed on bone morphology in the distal metacarpus epiphysis of mature Angus and Angus crossbred cows},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2022},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {82-87},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {There are variations in stature between beef and dairy breeds (and their crosses) which are an indirect result of genetic selection and farm management for different production objectives. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of breed on bone morphology in the distal epiphysis of the metacarpus. The metacarpus was collected from 9.5-year-old Angus (AA), Angus-Friesian crossbred (AF), Angus-Jersey crossbred (AJ) and Angus- (Friesian cross Jersey) crossbred (AK) cows. Bone morphology in the epiphysis was assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) for the medial and lateral condyles of the epiphysis 7 mm from the distal metacarpus. The greater total bone cross-sectional area of AA and AF could be associated with minimising strain on the articulating surface of the metacarpus due to greater joint surface area. Therefore, the greater total bone cross-sectional area may be an indirect result of a greater level of muscularity in beef breeds with a heavier mature weight.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Gibson MJ and Hickson RE and Dittmer KE and Back PJ and Schreurs NM and Rogers CW}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Live weight and bone growth from birth to 15 months of age in pure-bred and cross-bred Jersey and Friesian heifers},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {45-50},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {
Live weight and liveweight gain of dairy heifers has been described in New Zealand and overseas, however, the change in stature and pattern of proximal and distal bone growth has, to date, received little attention. This study describes the proportional changes in stature with live weight, in a cohort of commercial dairy heifers (Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, and Holstein-Friesian-Jersey crossbred) from birth to 15 months of age. Comparisons of height, length, girth, and distal and proximal forelimb length (stature) revealed that at the same live weight, these parameters differed among breeds (P<0.05), however, the magnitude of the differences among breeds was consistently less than 1 cm. As heifer live weight increased, the contribution of the distal limb to increases in height decreased, which is consistent with knowledge that physeal closure in cattle occurs earlier in distal limb bones, such as the metacarpus, than in proximal limb bones, such as the humerus. In addition, the understanding of proximal and distal growth in cattle identifies when heifers are most susceptible to growth checks.

Keywords: bone; stature; fracture; dairy heifer},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Gibson MJ and Rogers CW and Hickson RE and Dittmer KE and Back PJ}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Effect of breed and paddock activity on bone mass and strength in three beef cattle breeds},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {29-33},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {There are obvious phenotypic differences among beef cattle breeds, but, to date, there are limited data on the effect of breed
and pasture-based management systems on the bone mass and strength of the distal limb bone (metacarpals). The left 3rd/4th
metacarpal bones were collected from a cohort of Angus (AA) (n= 17), Angus {\texttimes} Friesian (AF) (n=13), and Angus {\texttimes} Jersey (AJ)
(n=13) cows aged nine years at slaughter. Prior to slaughter the cohort had been intensively monitored as part of longevity- and
GPS-based paddock-activity trials. Measures of metacarpal bone mass and strength were assessed using peripheral quantitative
computed tomography (pQCT) scanning at the mid-diaphysis after slaughter. Locomotion parameters, based on GPS data when
grazing, were collected when four and five years old. The AA and AF cows had significantly greater slaughter weight than AJ
(598{\textpm}14 vs 586{\textpm}18 vs 514{\textpm}17 kg, P<0.01 respectively). AA cows had lower wither height than AF and AJ (1288{\textpm}6 vs 1311{\textpm}8 vs
1269{\textpm}7 mm, P<0.01) and shorter metacarpal bone length (198{\textpm}2, vs 207{\textpm}2 vs 210{\textpm}2 mm, P<0.05). At the mid-diaphyseal site,
AF and AJ cows had greater bone mineral density (BMD)v than did AA cows (977{\textpm}8 vs 1018{\textpm}9 vs 1019{\textpm}9 mg/cm3, respectively,
P<0.001), but had less cross-sectional area (882{\textpm}16 vs 816{\textpm}18 vs 731{\textpm}18 g/cm3, P<0.05 respectively). Across all breeds, there
was a negative relationship of slaughter weight with BMDv. No significant relationships were found between distance walked on
moderate and steep terrain (GPS data) and the pQCT measures. Breed influenced the size and structure of the metacarpal bone,
which altered the material properties (pQCT) measured. The limited amount of high-strain-rate exercise in these cattle may explain
the lack of association between locomotion data and measures of bone mass and strength.

Keywords: bovine; bone; GPS; locomotion; beef},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bijen L and Gibson MJ and Back PJ and Hickson RE and van Knegsel A and Rogers CW}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Can bone measures of the bovine metacarpus predict humeral bone structure?},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {8-12},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Peak bone mass in cattle is influenced by factors prior to puberty and insufficient peak bone mass prior to the first lactation predisposes heifers to the risk of spontaneous humeral fractures. At post-mortem examination, affected heifers present with osteoporosis (reduced periosteal circumference and reduced cortical wall thickness). Due to its location, there is no cost-effective way to scan the humerus in the live animal. However, the metacarpal bones (MC3/MC4) are straightforward to scan in a live anaesthetised animal. The aim of this experiment was to determine if the metacarpal could be used to predict bone mass and material properties of the humerus. The left humerus and metacarpal bones were obtained from 57 cattle aged six weeks to eight years. Bones were scanned at the mid-diaphysis using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), to obtain measures of bone mass and material properties (strength). Strong positive relationships were observed (R2=0.89 - 0.98, P<0.0001) for pQCT measurements of bone mass and strength. Thus, the metacarpus is a good predictor of bone content and material properties of the humerus across cattle of differing age and maturity. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Gibson MJ and Rogers CW and Dittmer K and Hickson RE and Pettigrew EJ and Back PJ}
}
