@article {3672,
	title = {Characteristics of the grazing and farm management of broodmares on commercial Thoroughbred stud farms during spring},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {88-91},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {Thoroughbred broodmares in New Zealand are at greater odds of exposure to Leptospira than racehorses, possibly as a result
of aspects of the on-farm pasture-based management. To identify biologically plausible risk factors cohorts of broodmares were
prospectively followed on four Thoroughbred stud farms for a five-week period during the 2017-2018 season. Up to three cohorts
of mares within each group of mares identified at the start of the study as empty (not in foal), in-foal, or mares having just foaled
(with foal at foot) were followed on each farm and measurements made of pasture dry matter (DM) on offer, paddock location,
mare cohort structure and farm management. The farm with stallions had a greater number of changes in mare cohort membership
(2 (1-2) vs. 0 (0-1), P=0.001). The total pasture DM on offer was least for empty mares compared to in-foal mares, and mares with
foals at foot (1483 (1157-2380) vs. 2070 (1499-2534) vs. 2299 (1390-3196) kg DM/ha, P=0.009). Pregnant mares had the greatest
stocking density 4 (2 -6) mares/ha, due to use of small foaling paddocks. The low pasture DM on offer and high stocking rate for
empty mares may provide a mechanism for exposure to environmental sources of Leptospira.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bengtsson J and Rogers CW and Back PJ and Emanuelson U and Roca J and Gee EK and Bolwell CF}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Reproductive production constraints within the New Zealand racing industry},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {146-150},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {The New Zealand Thoroughbred industry has seen
rationalisation in response to changes in the domestic
market and more recently the Global Financial Crisis
(GFC). To quantify changes in production, end-of-season
reproductive data for active Thoroughbred sires were
extracted for the 1989/90 to 2011/12 breeding seasons.
There were reductions in the numbers of mares bred and
foals produced (10,176 mares \& 5,882 foals vs. 5,826
mares \& 3,927 foals, respectively in 1989/90 and 2011/12
seasons) resulting in a greater relative proportion of foals
registrations (57\% vs. 67\%). During this period, the
number of active sires decreased (265 vs. 94) and number
of mares per sire increased (33 IQR 18-53 vs. 49 29-91).
The 2007/08 season (GFC) was associated with an acute
reduction in the number of shuttle stallions imported for
breeding (from 23\% in 2006/07 to 11\% of active sires in
2007/08), and a temporary increase in number of mares bred
(13\%), in response to the 2007 Equine Influenza outbreak
in Australia. The proportion of sires covering >100 mares
per season increased from 6\% (1989/90) to 25\% (2011/12).
Despite the reduction in active broodmares during the same
period (43\%), there has not been a proportional decrease
in export numbers (24\%) or domestic numbers of horses
racing (6.5\%).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rogers CW and Gee EK and Bolwell CF}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Body condition and morphometric measures of adiposity in a cohort of Pony Club horses and ponies in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {195-199},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { A cross-sectional study was conducted to describe and compare the body condition and morphometrics of Pony Club (PC) horses
and ponies at two points in the year. Data were collected from a cohort of PC riders in spring (n=158) and autumn (n=155), with
73 repeat measurements across the two seasons. There were more ponies (68\%, 164/240, wither-height <=148 cm) than horses in the
study population. Most (76\%, 183/240) animals were kept on ad libitum pasture throughout the year and were fed small quantities
of supplementary feed. The median body condition score (BCS) of the animals was 6 (interquartile range 5-7). Forty-seven per
cent (112/240) of the animals were scored {\textquoteleft}fat{\textquoteright} (BCS >=7) and 25\% (61/240) presented with a cresty-neck score >=3. There was poor
inter-rater agreement between the study personnel and owners for BCS of horses (Kappa=0.26) and ponies (Kappa=0.11). The
study personnel identified 54\% (88/162) of ponies as {\textquoteleft}fat{\textquoteright}, whereas owners underestimated the BCS of ponies, and identified only
40\% (65/162) as {\textquoteleft}fat{\textquoteright} (P<0.001). The measurements of body weight did not differ between seasons, and only some morphologybased
assessments of adiposity differed between seasons. Overall, 17\% (15/88) of {\textquoteleft}fat{\textquoteright} ponies and 21\% (11/53) of those with
{\textquoteleft}cresty-necks{\textquoteright} were reported to have had a previous history of laminitis. Laminar rings were observed in 98\% (234/240) of the
PC horses and ponies. The study highlighted that horses and ponies kept on pasture maintain body weight and condition from
spring to autumn, but this finding may be biased by the high percentage of {\textquoteleft}fat{\textquoteright} ponies in the study population. The poor inter-rater
agreement for BCS, particularly with ponies, and similar morphological measurements between seasons, highlights the challenges
with using these measurements of adiposity in ponies},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fernandes KA and Rogers CW and Gee EK and Bolwell CF and Thomas DG}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Flexural limb deformities in a cohort of Thoroughbred foals on commercial stud farms},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {188-190},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Shotton AK and Bolwell CF and Rogers CW and Gee EK and Sells PD and Connell J and McIlwraith CW}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {A cross-sectional survey of rider and horse demographics, and the feeding, health and management of Pony Club horses in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {11-16},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {A cross-sectional survey was conducted to describe rider and horse demographics, and the feeding, health, and management of horses and ponies involved with Pony Clubs in New Zealand. An online survey collected information from members of the New Zealand Pony Clubs Association between 1st November 2012 and 31st January 2013. A total of 502 respondents completed the survey. Most riders were female (95\%; 455/481) and were <=16 years of age (74\%; 357/481). Decisions on feeding and management of horses were rarely made by the rider alone (26\%; 124/476). The rider{\textquoteright}s parent or person responsible for the horse were often included in the decision-making, which occurred consistently across all age-groups <=16 years (P<0.001). Over half (53\%; 252/475) of the respondents{\textquoteright} families had more than 20 years of equine experience. On a scale of 1-9, the median body condition score (BCS) of the nominated Pony Club horses was six (interquartile range 5-6), and only 22\% (98/446) of respondents indicated that their horse was overweight (BCS >=7/9). More than 80\% of horses were managed on pasture throughout the year, with 24-hour access to grazing each day. In addition to pasture, 82\% (409/502) of respondents fed their horses a combination of commercially available equine feeds, including premixed feeds, cereals, and conserved forages. Overall, owners of Pony Club horses reported few health issues associated with their horse.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fernandes KA and Rogers CW and Gee EK and Bolwell CF and Thomas DG}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Prevalence and risk factors for respiratory disease on Thorougbred and Standardbred stud farms in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {5-10},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {Respiratory disease has been identified as an important and production-limiting health problem on equine stud farms. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and risk factors for respiratory disease on commercial Thoroughbred and Standardbred stud farms in New Zealand, using logistic regression analysis. In 2012, 33 stud managers were interviewed regarding the 2010/11 and 2011/12 breeding seasons, including stud manager reported respiratory disease and strangles vaccination practices. Twenty-two stud mangers reported having respiratory disease on their stud farm in the 2010/11 breeding season, and twenty-six stud managers reported disease in the following season. On 90\% of stud farms, nasal discharge was reported by stud managers as the main sign of disease and on 41\% of stud farms no treatment was undertaken. When breeding season and the size of the stud farm were accounted for, vaccinating horses against strangles increased the odds of horses having experienced respiratory disease (OR 7.26, 95\% CI 1.48-35.64), while the presence of a stallion decreased the odds (OR 0.05, 95\% CI 0.004 - 0.48). This study has confirmed that respiratory disease is a common health issue on Thoroughbred and Standardbred stud farms in New Zealand.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rosanowski SM and Cogger N and Rogers CW and Bolwell CF}
}
@conference {89272,
	title = {A cross-sectional survey of New Zealand sport horse stud farms},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {71-75},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {<p>An online survey was sent to 74 sport horse owners. With a response rate of 45\% (33/74) data were available from 33 owners of 74 sport horse stallions. Most stallion owners were female (29/33; 88\%), aged between 35 and54 years (25/33; 76\%), and had equine occupations (17/33; 52\%). Most sport horse stud farms were not operated as the primary income source for the owner (27/33; 82\%). Farms had a median of 2 (Interquartile range (IQR) 1{\textendash}3) stallions and a median of5 (IQR 2{\textendash}9) mares. There were four larger farms standing stallions that also provided frozen semen from stallions resident outside of New Zealand. Most stallions were privately owned (69/75; 92\%) and 47\% (35/74) of stallions originated from overseas. Half the stallions had their own performance record (36/75; 49\%). Natural service was offered for 64\% (47/74) of the stallions, 81\% (60/74) of stallions were available via artifical insemination with fresh or cooled semen, and 37\% (27/74) were available via artifical insemination with frozen semen. The number of mares covered by the stallions per season was heavily left skewed with a median of 5 (IQR 1{\textendash}8). There were a small group of active sires (n = 7) that covered larger books of mares with a median of 42 (IQR 22{\textendash}50).</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {George HEA and Bolwell CF and Rogers CW and Gee EK}
}
@conference {79013,
	title = {Preliminary examination of wastage in Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses in New Zealand using training milestones},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {172-174},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {<p>The production of Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses to race is a multi-million dollar industry in New Zealand. However, wastage studies have shown that as many as 50\% of foals born fail to race (Wilsher et al. 2006; Jeffcott et al. 1982; Perkins et al. 2004a; Perkins et al. 2004b). Wastage, defined as losses that occur during the production of horses to race, is a major cause for concern in the racing industry and has both animal welfare and economic implications. Wastage may be caused by several factors including lack of ability, physical injury or financial decision by owners and can occur at any stage from conception through to competing at the races. ... continued</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Tanner JV and Rogers CW and Bolwell CF and Gee EK}
}
@conference {75881,
	title = {Production variables influencing the auction sales price of New Zealand Thoroughbred yearlings},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {92-95},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {Data were obtained from the New Zealand Thoroughbred studbook and the online sales results for the 2004 National Yearling Sales Series. Across the three sales categories, 477, 523, and 354 yearlings were offered at the Premier, Select and Festival sales, respectively. There were significant differences in the representation of yearlings across the three sales categories based on: sire service fee, vendor category, purchaser country of origin, and dam age. There were fewer fillies catalogued in the Festival sale compared to Select or Premier sales (P <0.05). Within the general linear model, auction price (log10) was significantly influenced by sales category: Premier ($71,285, 95\% Confidence interval (CI), $61,801-$82,224), Select ($24,831, 95\% CI, $22,233-$27,733) and Festival ($9,462, 95\% CI, $8,072-$11,091, P <0.001). Sales price (log10) was also significantly influences by sire service fee, vendor category, purchaser country of origin, and mare age. Colts sold for more than fillies ($29,040, 95\% CI, $26,668-$31,695 vs. $22,542, 95\% CI, $20,370-$24,945, P <0.001) across all sales categories with an interaction of sales category and gender (P = 0.003). These results indicate that in order to optimize gross returns, vendors require colts that are marketed through the Premier sale, from older established broodmares, with a pedigree that appeals to Australian buyers.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Waldron K and Rogers CW and Gee EK and Bolwell CF}
}
@conference {69495,
	title = {Management and exercise of Thoroughbred yearlings during preparation for yearling sales in the North Island of New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {157-161},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {A cross-sectional survey was conducted to describe the management and exercise regimen at stud farms during preparation for the 2008 national yearling sales. A total of 1,166 yearlings were included in the survey, representing 82\% of those offered at the Karaka sales in 2008. Ninety-two percent of farms (69/75) used a combination of both pasture turnout and stabling during yearling preparation, with most farms (47/75; 63\%) giving yearlings access to pasture for >12 hours per day. Controlled exercise was performed on 80\% (60/75) of stud farms, with most (54/60; 90\%) farms exercising at walk. Management practices appeared to be relatively homogeneous across the farms surveyed. The provision of free exercise at pasture and controlled exercise were common practices during a sales preparation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bolwell CF and Rogers CW and Firth EC and French NP}
}
@conference {69493,
	title = {Preliminay examination of training and racing milestones in a subset of Standardbred horses},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {149-151},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The Standardbred (harness racing) industry is the second largest equine industry in New Zealand. In 2004 it had a total contribution to the country{\textquoteright}s gross domestic product of $327 million (IER, 2004). Of the 22 countries that participate in harness racing, New Zealand is ranked tenth based on the number of individual horses to race per season, and on the number of races run per season (Harness Racing New Zealand, Personal communication). However, despite the economic contribution of the Standardbred industry in New Zealand there has been little documentation of the structure and demographics.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Tanner JC and Rogers CW and Bolwell CF}
}
