@conference {3678,
	title = {Preference for different pasture grasses by horses in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {79-84},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {In New Zealand, grazed pasture is the primary nutrient source for equines, but little is known about equine grass preferences. A study to identify preferred grass species and/or cultivars (here on referred to as grasses) by horses was conducted in a 0.62 ha paddock containing 22 different test grasses. The grasses tested were planted in 6 x 3 m plots with four replicates of each species/cultivar. Four mature mares 527{\textpm} 38 kg, mean age 9 {\textpm} 3 years, were grazed on the trial plots for a total of five days during May 2007. Grass preference was quantified by; direct DM utilisation (pre- vs post-grazing dry matter cuts), pasture-probe measurement and visual assessment through photographs. Grass preference was similar for each method used to quantify utilisation (r2=0.73 {\textendash} 0.76 P<0.0001). The six grasses most preferred by horses were all tetraploid ryegrasses (DM utilisation 74\% (inter quartile range 67-81\%). Least-preferred grasses were Yorkshire fog and Cocksfoot (DM utilisation down -0.9 to -14\%). Hot water soluble carbohydrate and digestible organic matter in the dry matterwere the best predictors of grass preference. There was no significant effect of endophyte status (High, AR1, and Nil) on pasture preference during late autumn.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Randall L and Rogers CW and Hoskin SO and Swainson NM}
}
@conference {78997,
	title = {Rumen fermentation characteristics are influenced by feeding frequency in sheep fed forage chicory and perennial ryegrass at two feeding levels},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {111-116},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding frequency and level of intake on rumen fermentation parameters of sheep fed chicory or perennial ryegrass. Fresh, vegetative chicory or perennial ryegrass were fed twice daily at 0900 h and 1630 h in the first period, and hourly in the second period to eight rumen-fistulated wethers at 1.3 and 2.2 times their maintenance metabolisable energy requirements. Rumen fluid pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations at 0900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1500 h were determined. When fed hourly (P < 0.05), but not twice-daily, forage type and feeding level significantly affected rumen pH. Differences in total VFA concentrations between forages and feeding levels were influenced by feeding frequency. Ammonia concentrations were always lower in sheep fed chicory than ryegrass (P = 0.001). Differences in rumen pH, ammonia and total VFA concentrations attributed to either forage species, level of intake or their interactions and were more likely to be detected when sheep were fed hourly, compared to twice-daily, as a result of the reduction in diurnal variation of these parameters. Manipulation of feeding frequency and/or feed intake can modulate the responses of ruminal metabolism to fresh forage diets.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sun XZ and Pacheco D and Hoskin SO and Luo DW}
}
@conference {69507,
	title = {Suitability of the Happy Factor decision support model as part of targeted selective anthelmintic treatment in Coopworth sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {213-216},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The suitability of the Happy Factor decision support model as the determinant of a targeted selective treatment regime incorporated into an automated weighing and drafting facility was evaluated in a Canterbury environment. One hundred and twenty, six-month-old Coopworth lambs naturally infected  with gastrointestinal parasites were weighed and faecal sampled every two weeks for eight weeks. Individual performance targets during each two week period were calculated using the Happy Factor decision support model. Lambs that did not reach their performance target were automatically drafted out and subsequently treated with anthelmintic. Those deemed to benefit from treatment had significantly greater faecal egg count (FEC) than their untreated counterparts at Week 4 only, were lighter on Weeks 2 and 8, but had lower liveweight gains on all four occasions. Overall, the system provided a rapid and reliable method of identifying and separating poorer performing individuals, which were not necessarily those with a high FEC or those that were lighter. Furthermore, the optimum treatment threshold was determined to be 0.74, which is greater than previously published values of 0.66 for Scottish Blackface sheep. This suggests that validation of an optimum Happy Factor treatment threshold for each environment and/or animal genotype may be required.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Greer AW and McAnulty RW and Logan CM and Hoskin SO}
}
@conference {60930,
	title = {Management of weanlings on commercial Thoroughbred stud farms in the North Island of New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {4-9},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The feeding of concentrates to growing thoroughbred horses in New Zealand is common practice, despite the availability of pasture all year round. Whilst the sale of young stock is the primary focus of the majority of the breeders in the Thoroughbred industry, there is still limited data on the production process and the optimal strategy to grow horses to their maximum athletic potential. To obtain data on the management of Thoroughbred weanlings a face-to-face survey was conducted on 46 stud farms in the northern and central regions of the North Island during the 2007/08 breeding season. Analysis was based on location and size of the breeding operation. Prior to weaning, 87\% of foals were exposed to concentrate feed and all weanlings received concentrates. Weanlings received 47 {\textpm} 2 MJ of digestible energy (DE) and 563 {\textpm} 40 g of crude protein (CP) per day from concentrate initially. This increased to 64 {\textpm} 6 MJ DE and 683 {\textpm} 54 g CP immediately before yearling preparation. The data collected indicated that management of weanlings is generally consistent between regions and across farm sizes with weanlings receiving large quantities of concentrate feed whilst at pasture. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stowers NL and Rogers CW and Hoskin SO}
}
@conference {60971,
	title = {The variation in methane emissions from sheep and cattle is not explained by the chemical composition of ryegrass},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {174-178},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {A data base of over 3,000 ruminant methane emission records from individual animals used to compile New Zealand{\textquoteright}s greenhouse gas inventory, shows substantial variation in CH4 yields (g/kg dry matter intake (DMI)) within and between forage types. Multiple regression analyses were undertaken using datasets from sheep and cattle fed fresh ryegrass to determine the extent to which variation in CH4 yields could be explained by ryegrass chemical composition. Methane was measured using the SF6 marker dilution technique with sheep and cattle, and also directly by respiration calorimetry from sheep. Data from sheep showed a similar average CH4 yield from both techniques, but there was more variation in SF6 data (23.4 {\textpm} 5.73) than from calorimetry (23.1 {\textpm} 2.89). Cattle CH4 yields averaged 19.1 {\textpm} 3.70 g/kg DMI. Multiple regression analysis of sheep data showed pasture chemical composition accounted for <2\% of the variation determined by SF6 and 20\% of the variation from calorimetry. Only 13\% of the variation in yield from cattle was explained by ryegrass composition, so the majority of variance (>80\%) was not explained. We suggest the variation in CH4 emissions is affected by digestive characteristics of individual animals, and interactions with forage physical and chemical components. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hammond KJ and Muetzel S and Waghorn GC and Pinares-Patino CS and Burke JL and Hoskin SO}
}
@conference {42043,
	title = {Comparative methane emissions from cattle, red deer and sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {59-62},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Methane (CH4) production (g CH4/d) and yields (g CH4/kg dry matter intake (DMI)) from groups of 11 non-lactating dairy cattle, sheep and red deer were compared in January and June of 2007. During each period, methane emissions measured using the SF6 tracer technique, were measured over four days following 10 days of acclimatisation. All animals were individually housed in metabolism cages and fed ensiled lucerne chaff at a rate of 1.2 times estimated energy requirements according to Australian feeding standards. Total daily methane production from cattle (140.4 g CH4/day) was greater than deer (31.5 g CH4/day) which was greater than sheep (18.3 g CH4/day) (P<0.001) and methane yield from cattle (20.6 g CH4/kg DMI) was greater than sheep (18.4 g CH4/kg DMI) which was greater than deer (16.5 g CH4/kg DMI) (P<0.001). A significant interaction of species by season was driven by the higher methane production and yield of cattle in winter compared with summer (P<0.001). The findings of this experiment show that methane emissions can differ between ruminant species at the same time on the same diet. Reasons for these differences are yet to be elucidated. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Swainson NM and Hoskin SO and Clark H and Pinares-Patino CS and Brookes IM}
}
@conference {41787,
	title = {Reticulo-rumen growth and papillae development in farmed red calves from four to twelve weeks of age},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {47-48},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Ruminants are born with an underdeveloped forestomach (Warner et al., 1956) and as such operate as a monogastric animals until the reticulorumen (RR) and omasum have developed. The development of the rumen from birth to weaning has been well studied in dairy cattle (Heinrichs \& Lesmeister, 2005), but not farmed red deer. Understanding pre-weaning rumen developmental processes is required for feeding programmes aiming to maximise pre-weaning growth rates of young red deer calves for early venison production. This preliminary study aimed to document the changes in rumen growth and papillae development ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Thompson BR and Hofstra G and Hammond KJ and Mackintosh CG and Hoskin SO and Littlejohn RP and Stevens DR}
}
@conference {41993,
	title = {Effect of age on methane emissions of red deer stags from weaning until one year of age grazing perennial ryegrass-based pasture : Brief Communication},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {276-279},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {The emission of greenhouse gases is a current global issue as global warming and climate change appear a reality. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement, which New Zealand (NZ) has signed and under obligations of the agreement, New Zealand must reduce its greenhouse gases (GHG) to the emission levels of the baseline year (1990), by the first ratification of the Protocol in 2008. Methane emissions from ruminant livestock in NZ represent 31.3\% of New Zealand{\textquoteright}s total greenhouse gas emissions; therefore accurate inventories of methane production for all farmed livestock classes are required.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Swainson NM and Hoskin SO and Clark H and Lopez-Villalobos N}
}
@conference {41961,
	title = {Internal parasites and productivity in farmed deer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {102-106},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {The aim of this brief review is to summarise current knowledge of the effects of internal parasites (lungworm and gastrointestinal nematodes) on productivity of farmed red deer. This review, largely based upon published data, highlights gaps in the literature and draws attention to topics for future research.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hoskin SO and Johnson M and Swanson J}
}
@conference {41616,
	title = {Apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation of fresh plantain (Plantago lanceolata cv Ceres Tonic) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv Nui) - based pasture fed to red deer (Cervus elaphus)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {64-69},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to compare the apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation products in deer fed plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and perennial ryegrass-based pasture (Lolium perenne) during spring. Forages were cut and fed fresh in a cross-over design to seven castrated, rumen fistulated red deer (Cervus elaphus) housed individually indoors in metabolism crates. Plantain contained greater levels of organic matter and lignin and had a greater ratio of readily fermentable to structural carbohydrates and lower levels of crude protein (P < 0.01), compared with ryegrass-based pasture. The apparent digestibility of organic matter for both forages was high, but less for plantain (74.9\%) compared with ryegrass-based pasture (81.5\%) (P < 0.01). The ammonia concentration of rumen fluid from deer fed plantain (4.6 mmol/L) was less compared with fluid from deer fed ryegrass-based pasture (20.9 mmol/L) (P < 0.01). The apparent reduction in degradation of protein to ammonia in the rumen of deer fed plantain may have implications for increasing the efficiency of use of dietary protein in grazing ruminants. Further research is required to investigate the effect of feeding plantain, and its secondary compounds, on the rumen microbial ecosystem and rumen fermentation. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Swainson NM and Hoskin SO}
}
@conference {41606,
	title = {Contract Introduction : The problem of anthelmintic resistance},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {14},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {S{\textthreesuperior} was initiated in November 2004 by a small number of industry individuals and a group of elite merino and mid micron breeders and will run until November 2007. It is a project that brings together two sectors of the sheep breeding industry that views the sustainable management of parasites critical to their and their commercial client{\textquoteright}s futures. The project aims to examine the issue of sustainable parasite management via a number of approaches and not to focus on a single element of parasite management. Key elements addressed include the synergy between sustainable parasite management, breeding for resistance and property bio-security, to enhance farming operations.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hoskin SO}
}
@conference {41531,
	title = {Validation of the double ?-alkane technique to estimate the dry matter intake of red deer fed fresh ryegrass-based pasture or plantain},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {23-28},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {  The accuracy of the double η-alkane technique to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) of red deer (Cervus elaphus)  fed fresh cut perennial ryegrass-based pasture (Lolium perenne  cv Nui) and narrow-leaved plantain (Plantago  lanceolata  cv Ceres Tonic) was determined in a cross-over experiment involving five adult castrated stags housed in  metabolism cages. A strong positive linear relationship between actual and estimated DMI was obtained for pasture  when using both C31  and C33 (C31  R2  = 0.94; P < 0.01; C33 R2  = 0.92; P < 0.01) and plantain for C31 (R2  = 0.80; P <  0.04), but not for C33 (R2  = 0.49; P < 0.19). However, the predicted DMI of deer using the  η-alkane technique was  underestimated up to 27.6\% for deer fed ryegrass-based pasture and overestimated up to 17.2\% for deer fed plantain  when compared with actual DMI.  The discrepancies between actual and predicted DMI could have been partly due to a  difference of 26\% between faecal recovery rates of odd and even-chain alkanes with pasture feeding and 12\% with  plantain feeding.  This suggests that the  η-alkane technique may not be appropriate for estimating DMI of ruminants  grazing New Zealand fresh forages, especially when comparisons between forage species are required.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Swainson NM and Hoskin SO and Clark H and Krause M}
}
@conference {41454,
	title = {Effect of withholding anthelmintic treatment on autumn growth and internal parasitism of weaner deer grazing perennial ryegrass-based pasture or chicory},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {269-273},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Sixty-eight weaner deer were allocated to grazing perennial ryegrass-based pasture or chicory from 18 March to 20 May 2002, and within these groups were either regularly treated four-weekly with anthelmintic or treatment was withheld until weight loss or clinical signs of parasitism such as coughing was observed (trigger treatment). Liveweight gain was monitored fortnightly. Five sentinel deer from each of the four groups were slaughtered for nematode counts on 20 May. Deer grazing chicory grew faster than deer gazing pasture (P<0.001). Thirty five percent of trigger-treated deer grazing pasture required treatment for clinical parasitism, but no anthelmintic was required for trigger-treated deer grazing chicory. There was no effect of anthelmintic treatment on average autumn growth of deer grazing chicory, but trigger-treated deer grazing pasture grew at half the rate of regularly treated deer (P<0.01). Deer grazing chicory and treated four-weekly with anthelmintic grew 1.5x faster than deer grazing pasture and treated four-weekly with anthelmintic (P<0.05). This difference in growth of deer grazing chicory and pasture increased to 2.9x when comparing triggertreated deer grazing the two forages (P<0.01). Sentinel trigger-treated deer grazing chicory had half the lungworm population of deer grazing pasture (P=0.13) and 18\% fewer gastrointestinal nematodes (P=0.06). This study shows that grazing young farmed deer on chicory during autumn can increase their resilience to internal parasitism, reducing anthelmintic use whilst increasing deer growth. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hoskin SO and Pomroy WR and Reijrink I and Wilson PR and Barry TN}
}
@conference {41318,
	title = {The effect of cysteine and glutamine supplementation on sheep infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {72-76},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {This indoor study investigated the effect of direct daily abomasal supplementation of both cysteine (cys; 1g) and glutamine (gln; 5g) on a 12-week subclinical  Trichostronglylus colubriformis trickle infection in lambs. Parasite  infection increased the total number of leucocytes and eosinophils in peripheral circulation, nitrogen excreted in faeces  and urine (P<=0.01) and plasma total protein concentration (P<0.05).  Infection also reduced liveweight gain and plasma  albumin concentration (both P<0.001), but did not alter feed intake.   Supplementation increased nitrogen retention  (P<0.05), tended to increase phe (P=0.056) and cys (P=0.097) flux, reduced the number of circulating eosinophils  (P<0.001) and changed the pattern of faecal egg counts (P<=0.05), with no effect on final nematode counts.                              This  experiment showed supplementation with two non-essential amino acids alone can elicit changes in the response of  sheep to internal parasite infection.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hoskin SO and Lobley GE and Coop RL and Jackson F}
}
