@article {3672,
	title = {The fate of calves born on New Zealand dairy farms and dairy farmer attitudes towards producing dairy-beef calves},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {179-185},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {Dairy calves that are not required as herd replacements provide an opportunity for beef production with a relatively low environmental footprint. A telephone survey of 262 New Zealand dairy farmers was conducted in October 2020 to gain insight into current mating and calving practices, and attitudes to dairy-beef breeding and rearing calves for beef. This number of respondents provided a margin of error of {\textpm}6\%. On average, per herd, 28\% of calves were kept as dairy replacements, 12\% were reared on-farm for beef, 15\% sold for beef rearing, 35\% sold to process as {\textquoteleft}bobby{\textquoteright} calves, 5\% euthanised and 4\% born dead or died. The largest barriers to producing more beef calves were uncertainty around their value, followed by calving difficulties with beef bulls. The main barrier to rearing more calves for beef was higher earnings for milk than for beef. However, 60\% of respondents agreed that the sector should aim to decrease the number of {\textquoteleft}bobby{\textquoteright} calves. This survey provides data for the development of cross-sector initiatives to increase dairy-beef integration and the utilisation of calves. These results provide a rich description of the current state of the sector and they suggest that at least 74\% of New Zealand beef production originates in the dairy industry.

Keywords: dairy calf; dairy-beef; bobby calf; calf rearing; mating},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Edwards JP and Cuthbert S and Pinxterhuis JB and McDermott A}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {A survey of fodder beet use and feeding practices on dairy farms in Canterbury, Otago and Southland},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {101-106},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {High yields, consistent quality and emerging environmental benefits make fodder beet (FB) an important feed in South Island dairy
systems. However, these benefits may be negated by animal-health issues associated with some FB-feeding regimes. To quantify
the range and prevalence of feeding regimes, a telephone survey focussing on practices in 2018 was conducted in Canterbury,
Otago and Southland. Of the farmers surveyed, 69\% fed FB, 24\% had never fed FB and 8\% of farmers had stopped feeding FB.
The most frequently cited reasons for having stopped feeding FB were animal-health issues, cost and management challenges.
Most (82\%) respondents feeding FB determined allocation by yield and break area. Almost all farmers (98\%) transitioned cattle
on to FB, over an average of three weeks. Of those that fed FB to non-lactating cows in winter, the mean allocation was 10.3 kg
DM/cow/day (66\% of the diet), and 12\% fed FB ad libitum. A greater proportion of herds fed FB (41\% of herds) reported metabolic
issues (>5\% of the herd affected) compared with herds not fed FB (23\%). This survey is valuable to inform future research and
reinforces the need to continue investigating animal-health issues associated with FB-feeding, with an emphasis on metabolic issues.

Keywords: fodder beet; winter crop; animal health},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Edwards JP and Dalley DE and Pinxterhuis JB and Woods RR}
}
@conference {3678,
	title = {Plants for dairy grazing systems operating under nitrate leaching limits},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {102-107},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {Regulations that place a limit on the amount of nitrate-nitrogen leaching from agricultural land are currently being developed by Regional Councils throughout New Zealand. These regulations may require substantial reductions in nitrate leaching from current typical dairy farm levels. Notions of the pasture plant {\textquoteleft}ideotype{\textquoteright}, which have previously emphasised pasture growth and the intake of digestible nutrients, should now also include characteristics which can reduce the nitrogen surplus in the animal, and, therefore, the amount of nitrogen (N) excreted in urine. Information on the critical external or internal N requirements of candidate pasture species could be used to develop hypotheses regarding future grazed forage systems; currently, there are few data available for this purpose. Recent empirical evidence indicates that diverse pastures incorporating forage herbs such as chicory and plantain can reduce total urinary N load while maintaining similar levels of herbage accumulation to ryegrass-white clover pasture. However, insufficient information is available to identify the mechanisms through which the urinary N reductions occur. This specific knowledge gap needs to be filled. In addition, more information is needed on the general nitrogen nutrition physiology of candidate pasture species for future forage systems.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Chapman DF and Edwards GR and Pinxterhuis JB}
}
