@article {3672,
	title = {Effects of alternative forages on nitrate leaching under intensive sheep grazing},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {146-152},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {There is increasing interest in the use of alternative forages to improve animal performance and reduce nitrogen (N) leaching on farms. A system-scale field trial, which included 20 hydrologically isolated drainage plots (800 m2 /plot) was carried out at Massey
University{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteleft}Keeble{\textquoteright} farm to investigate the effects of forage type on ewe and lamb performance and the quantity of N lost in drainage. Four forage types (treatments) were studied: perennial ryegrass/white clover (RGWC), plantain/WC (PWC), Italian ryegrass/WC (IRWC) and swedes (Brassica). The forage types were included as ~24\% area of a self-contained farmlet, with the remaining area (~76\%) being RGWC. Ewes were weighed at mating, pre-lambing and weaning, and lambs were weighed at weaning. Drainage (mm) from each plot was measured using a tipping-bucket flow meter and sub-samples of water were analysed for nitrate-N, ammonium-N and total-N losses. The forage types had no effect (P>0.05) on ewe or lamb live weight at any occasion. The average nitrate-N losses for RGWC (0.77 kg N ha-1), PWC (0.45 kg N ha-1) and IRWC (0.56 kg N ha-1) treatments did not differ (P>0.05) and was lower than the brassica treatment (6.36 kg N ha-1). },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Maheswaran S and Cranston LM and Millner JP and Horne DJ and Hanly JA and Kenyon PR and Kemp PD}
}
@conference {89251,
	title = {Behaviour of New Zealand pasture-based cows offered access to free stalls fitted with sand or water beds, compared with cows at pasture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {186-188},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {<p class="rtejustify">New Zealand dairy cows have typically been \&nbsp;grazed on pasture all year round, however intensification of milk production systems has led to increased nitrogen loss into the environment (de Klein \&amp; Ledgard 2001; Luo et al. 2007). Limiting the amount of time that cows have access to pasture, particulalry during inclement weather, by the use of feed pads or cow housing for parts of the season or day (de Klein 2001), can reduce nitrogen loss into waterways (Christensen et al. 2012). This approch is particularly important in protecting the soil and pasture from treading damage (Arnold 2009) and can allow non-lactating cows to be retained on the dairy unit over the winter or animals to be sheltered from excessive rain, cold and sunshine. Unfortunately, many New Zealand dairy farmers and the majority of cows have little or no experience of cow housing.</p>
<p class="rtejustify">This experiment was completed to assess the acceptance and use of differing free stall bed types by adult dairy cows, with no previous experience of housing, and to compare this with cows kept at pasture. The evening and nightly, daytime grazing and overall daily behaviour patterns of these cows are reported and discussed in this brief comunication.</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lau J and Margerison JK and Hedley MJ and Horne DJ and Hanly JA and Powell N and Shilton AN}
}
