@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Behaviour and physiology of lambs with gastrointestinal nematode parasitism},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2022},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {104-107},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {The behaviour and physiology of lambs with gastrointestinal nematode infections (GIN) was evaluated. Thirty 8-month-old Romney wethers were assigned to one of two treatments (n=15/treatment) trickle dosed with either 1500 infective third stage larvae 3 days/week for 6 weeks (27,000 total L3; challenged), or water 3 days/week for 6 weeks (control). Blood and faecal samples were collected weekly during the study. Lipidomics were performed on plasma samples. Behaviour was observed from video-camera recordings once weekly over the study. At treatment week 4, specific triglycerides were elevated in the challenged lambs compared to controls (P<=0.05). Faecal egg counts were higher in challenged than control lambs from treatment week 4 (154 epg; P<=0.001). Challenged lambs had higher standing bouts at week 4 than baseline (5.6 bouts) whereas there were no differences in standing bouts for control lambs between baseline and week 4. Triglycerides and standing behaviour show promise for early identification of GIN.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hempstead MN and Waghorn TS and Gibson MJ and Sauermann CW and Ross AB and Cave VM and Sutherland MA and Sutherland IA}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Effect of disbudding on pain sensitivity and weight-gain of dairy goat kids},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {159-160},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {Cautery disbudding is a painful husbandry procedure commonly carried out on dairy cow and goat farms worldwide. Disbudding can cause third-degree burns, subcutaneous tissue damage, inflammation, bacterial infection and in some cases death (Sanford 1989, Thompson et al. 2005, Wright et al. 1983). Physiological (e.g., cortisol, β-endorphins) and behavioural (e.g., head shaking) changes indicative of pain have been described in response to cautery disbudding in kids (Alvarez et al. 2015, Greenwood \& Shutt 1990, Ingvast-Larsson et al. 2011), but still little is known regarding the acute and long-term effects of cautery disbudding on goat kid welfare. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cautery disbudding on the acute pain response and weight-gain in goat kids. This study was part of a larger project investigating alternative methods of disbudding in goat kids. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hempstead MN and Stewart M and Sutherland MA}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Validation of an automated system for monitoring water intake and drinking behaviour in dairy calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {133-136},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {The provision of palatable drinking water ad libitum for cattle is often neglected on farm and is considered difficult and imprac-tical to monitor, particularly on an individual animal basis. The objective of this study was to validate an automated system for monitoring individual water intake and drinking behaviour of dairy calves. Nineteen dairy calves were observed over five days for eight hours/day. Calves were individually identified as they visited a water trough within a narrow chute where the number and duration of visits were recorded using an overhead photoelectric sensor, and water intake was recorded using a flow meter. Data from the automated system were compared to behavioural observations from video recordings across the same time period. The automated system was highly correlated with behavioural observations for both the number of visits (R2=0.96, P<0.001) and visit durations (R2=0.94, P<0.001), but showed no correlation for water intake (R2=0.01, P>0.1). This system could be used as a reliable automated method for recording drinking behaviour in terms of the number and duration of visits. However, alternative systems for measuring water intake need to be investigated and incorporated into the automated system. This information could be used to investigate a number of questions regarding water use and quality, and their effects on calf health and welfare and could be integrated into other automated systems used on farm for daily animal monitoring.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lowe GL and Sch{\"u}tz KE and Sutherland MA and Wilson MT and Stewart M}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: A physiological evaluation of the efficacy of pain-mitigation strategies for cautery-disbudded goat kids},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {106-108},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {Cautery disbudding is a painful procedure commonly
performed on-farm to destroy the horn bud cells of goat kids
to prevent horn growth. Disbudding is performed because
horns can injure pen mates and stock people. Globally,
standard practice of disbudding typically excludes the use
of pain-mitigation and there are few studies investigating
kid responses to disbudding and different pain-mitigation
strategies. To date, pain-mitigation strategies used when
disbudding kids include administration of non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local anaesthesia
(LA) and general anaesthesia (GA). Meloxicam (NSAID)
reduced pain-related responses in cautery-disbudded kids
(Ingvast-Larsson et al. 2011). Local anaesthetics (e.g.,
lignocaine), however, have not shown to be affective at
reducing the pain response following disbudding (Alvarez
et al. 2015). General anaesthesia has been used in kids,
but its effect on pain-related responses was not assessed
(Ingvast-Larsson et al. 2011). The objective of this study
was to evaluate the physiological response to different painmitigation
strategies for cautery-disbudding in goat kids.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hempstead MN and Stewart M and  and Sutherland MA}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: An investigation of automated measures for assessing pain-induced distress in dairy calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {103-105},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {Dairy calves are routinely disbudded using hot-iron
cautery without pain relief in New Zealand, and studies have
shown this procedure causes physiological and behavioural
changes indicative of pain (Stafford \& Mellor, 2011). To
evaluate the effectiveness of different pain mitigation
strategies during routine husbandry procedures (e.g.,
disbudding), intensive physiological and/or behavioural
studies are needed. The limitations of these measures are
that the methods (e.g., blood sampling) can cause animal
stress and analysis of behaviour video recordings is labour
intensive. Automated, non-invasive measures of behaviour
are now available, such as feeding behaviour provided
by automatic calf feeding systems (ACF) and activity,
recorded using accelerometers (e.g., Hobo data loggers).
Feeding and lying behaviours are altered in calves in
response to stress and/or pain during procedures such as
hot-iron cautery disbudding (Graf \& Senn, 1999; Bates et
al. 2015). It is well documented that this procedure causes
significant pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
determine if behavioural data collected from ACF and
Hobo data loggers could be used as an indicator of paininduced
distress in dairy calves.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sutherland MA and Lowe GL and Huddart FJ and Stewart M}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: The use of infrared thermography and feeding behaviour for early disease detection in New Zealand dairy calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {177-179},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) is a disease impacting
livestock industries economically and in terms of animal
health and welfare. In New Zealand, the most prevalent
pathogens associated with NCD are rotavirus and
Cryptosporidium (Mawly et al. 2015), but other common
pathogens include coronavirus and Salmonella. By the time
an animal presents with clinical signs of disease, much of
the associated tissue damage to the intestinal submucosa
may have already occurred, hence affecting production.
Therefore, there is a need to develop methods for early
disease detection, which ideally could be incorporated into
automated systems for real-time, remote sensing.
Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive method
of detecting radiated heat. The use of IRT in livestock and
veterinary applications was reviewed by Luzi et al. (2013).
Studies have shown IRT can be used for early identification
of calves with BRD (bovine respiratory disease) and BVD
(bovine viral diarrhoea), using changes in eye temperature
(Schaefer et al. 2004, 2012). Schaefer et al. (2012)
demonstrated that images could be collected automatically
at a water trough. In dairy calves, the behavioural
information (e.g. number of visits) gathered remotely at
an automatic calf-feeding (ACF) system can be used for
identification of at risk animals (Svensson \& Jensen, 2007;
Borderas et al. 2009). However, the use of these automated
systems has not been fully investigated under New Zealand
conditions, where calves are exposed to different pathogens
and management.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lowe GL and Schaefer AL and  and Wilson MT and Sutherland MA and Stewart M}
}
@conference {79002,
	title = {The effect of training to the milking parlour on the behavioural response to milking and milk production in first lactation heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {134-138},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of training on the behaviour and milk production of heifers. Approximately three weeks prior to calving, heifers from two commercial farms were either trained over three days to the rotary milking parlour (TRAIN: n = 104) or left undisturbed in the paddock (CON: n = 113). Behavioural observations of heifers during the milking process were recorded over the first week of lactation. Behaviours recorded included the performance of flinching, stepping and/or kicking and the duration to attach the cluster. Individual heifer milk yields, milking durations, average milking flow rates and reattachment count of the cluster were recorded daily for the first six weeks of lactation. During the milking process, TRAIN heifers performed more leg lifts, a greater number of backward kicks and the number of times the milking cluster had to be reattached during each milking was greater than CON heifers. There was no difference in milk production measures between TRAIN and CON heifers. These results suggest that the method of training used in this study was not adequate to reduce the behavioural response of heifers to milking during the first week of lactation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dowling SK and Sutherland MA}
}
@conference {75903,
	title = {Painful husbandry procedures and methods of alleviation: a review},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {189-194},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {Painful husbandry procedures are routinely performed on farms in New Zealand for various reasons. Tail docking is routinely carried out on sheep to prevent flystrike and on pigs to prevent tail biting. In some countries this procedure is still performed on dairy cows to improve udder hygiene and worker comfort. Castration is commonly performed on lambs and calves to reduce aggressive and sexual behaviours, prevent unwanted breeding, and modify carcass characteristics. Dehorning is performed on cattle to reduce the risk of injury to stock people and other animals and antler removal in deer is carried out for commercial reasons. All of these procedures cause behavioural and physiological changes indicative of pain, but are commonly performed without pain relief on farms. This review will cover the rationale and the behavioural and physiological responses caused by these common husbandry procedures. Possible methods of pain relief or alternative strategies to these procedures will then be discussed as well as the implications for New Zealand and where future research needs to be focussed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sutherland MA}
}
