@conference {40654,
	title = {Regulation of lactose production by ovine mammary acini in culture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {17-20},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Five sets of rising five year old Holstein-Friesian non-lactating  identical twin cows were studied from February to April 1994. One  member from each twin pair had been tail docked at 18 months of age  while the other member had its tail intact. The animals were observed  weekly at three different times of day; 7am, 12 noon and 3pm. At low  fly levels there were no significant differences in the frequencies of  either front (eg. leg stamping) or rear (eg. tail flicking) focused fly-  induced behaviours between the two treatments. At high fly levels there  were no significant differences in front focused behaviours but the  docked animals performed significantly more rear focused behaviours than  the non-docked cows (eg. 96 vs 34 tailflicks at 12 noon, p<0.05).    The adrenocorticol responses to intravenous injection of 0.05mg ACTH  (Synachthen, CIBA-GEIGY) or saline was assessed four times throughout  the experiment. The animals were blood sampled at time - 1min, 50 and  120 min relative to the time of injection of ACTH or saline. There were  no significant differences in plasma cortisol concentrations in response  to ACTH injection between treatments.    Tail docked cows had elevated levels of fly induced behaviour but did  not have an altered adrenal cortex function. This suggests that  behaviour is a more sensitive indicator of the effects of fly predation  than adrenal response to ACTH. Sensitive physiological indicators of  chronic stress need to be developed for the assessment of husbandry  practices.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McFadden TB and Callaghan MR and Davis SR}
}
@conference {40476,
	title = {An appraisal of the utility of primary cell culture from sheep udders to investigate the control of mammary function},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {151-154},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wheeler TT and Callaghan MR and Davis SR and Wilkins RJ}
}
@conference {40475,
	title = {Factors affecting the production of lactose by ovine mammary cells in vitro},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {147-150},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The present public and scientific interest in the welfare of farm livestock has caused traditional management procedures, including castration, tail docking and dehorning, to be scrutinised as causes of stress (stressors).  This laudable scientific endeavour is however subject to a range of constraints. Major constraints are the subjective nature of distress, and the consequent difficulty of identifying indices which can be used confidently to quantify it. Nevertheless, behavioural and physiological indices have been identified by comparison with human responses to aversive stimuli, and allow distress to be assessed in animals. Changes in plasma cortisol concentrations, reflecting the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, are commonly used as an index of distress in farm livestock exposed to stressors.  Judged thus, the distress caused by castration or tail docking of sheep and cattle apparently depends on several factors including the procedure itself, the age of the animal, the method used, the species and possibly the prior method of rearing. Little is known about the distress caused by dehorning of cattle. Several factors can confound the assessment of distress. They are: (1) balancing the objectivity of the measured indices with subjective judgements about what are acceptable and unacceptable levels of distress; (2) ensuring that the parameters used do indeed reflect distress, and not other phenomena; (3) avoiding erroneous predictions, based on anthropocentric projections and not scientific observations, about expected distress levels in situations which have not yet been examined; and (4) meeting the high cost of rigorous studies in this complex area in which a wide range of factors may affect the outcome. Reducing the distress caused by castration, tail docking or dehorning may be achieved by choosing an age when the distress response is least, choosing the least distressing method, or using anaesthesia (local, general) or systemic analgesia. When a method is identified which causes the least distress, its widespread use on farms should not be recommended unless it is also practicable. To do so will not benefit either the livestock concerned or the industry. Political and trade pressures related to overseas perceptions of New Zealand animal welfare standards require responses based on rigorous scientific assessment. Those responses are likely to involve, as appropriate, vigorous defences of current practices or the adoption of new approaches.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Davis SR and Eichler SJ and Callaghan MR and Grieve RCJ and Prosser CG}
}
