@article {3672,
	title = {Miniature horses in New Zealand: demographics and feeding management},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {1-7},
	type = {1-7},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {An online survey on demographics and feeding management of Miniature horses in New Zealand was conducted using the
Qualtrics Survey Software. There were 232 valid responses from respondents who kept 1183 Miniature horses, representing ~  1/3rd
of the New Zealand Miniature horse population. Miniature horses were kept for leisure and companionship (56\%), competition
(35\%) and for breeding (7\%). The majority (79\%) of Miniature horses were kept at pasture on low (< 1000 kg DM/ha) to moderate
(~ 2000 kg DM/ha) pasture masses across seasons. Pasture access was more commonly restricted by respondents during spring
(60\%), summer (60\%), and autumn (55\%) than in winter (43\%). Most respondents (87\%) practiced pasture-restriction strategies
such as strip grazing, use of a paddock with little grass, and stabling/yarding. Respondents indicated the mode daily number of
hours of stabling was 7-12 hours (n=57/195, 29\%). The median stocking density was 10 horses/ha, (~1100 kg live weight/ha).
The stocking density appeared high, however, on a live weight basis, it was comparable to the reported values in other classes of
equine livestock.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Goh SY and Gee EK and Thomas DG and Back PJ and Rogers CW}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Assessing the current value of milk, meat and fibre products from the goat industry in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {173-176},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {Goats have a historical record of being productive and valuable to families and communities (Aziz 2010). Small ruminants, which include goats, still have an {\textquoteleft}unfulfilled{\textquoteright} potential despite the numbers of animals farmed and their distribution around the world (Anaeto et al. 2010). Pollot and Wilson (2009) concluded that goats deserve greater attention due to their capacity for producing food. A similar study in New Zealand (Sheppard \& O{\textquoteright}Donnell 1979), described the uses of goats for meat, skins, milk and mohair and concluded that the goat was valuable, but that the production potential was largely unfulfilled. A recent New Zealand study (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 2009) concluded that food-consumption patterns are changing in New Zealand, and globally demand for more diversified products provided an opportunity for goat meat. The objective of this study was to determine the current value of domestic and exported New Zealand goat products and to explore possible future products and their target markets. Many of these product values are gathered from retailers, personal communications and individual producers. This research is an attempt to bring together information that has not yet been gathered to present a current value of the goat in New Zealand...},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lopez-Lozano SR and Scholtens MR and Smith RMC and Lopez-Villalobos N and Burt D and Harper L and Thomas DG and Carr AJ and Gray DI and Tozer P and Schreurs NM}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: The current state of the New Zealand goat industry},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {164-168},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {<p>Goat farming in New Zealand has a lower profile compared to dairy, sheep and beef systems. The goat industry is small in New Zealand (Stafford \& Prosser, 2016) and there has been limited consideration of the potential for the industry to expand (Shepard \& O{\textquoteright}Donnell, 1979). The environmental and commodity market constraints currently impacting pastoral systems in New Zealand provide an opportunity for the goat industry to have a greater economic contribution to New Zealand{\textquoteright}s agricultural production. </p><p>
In New Zealand, goats are farmed for milk, meat and fibre production and also act as a mechanism for controlling excess pasture growth, enhancing clover in mixed pasture and controlling weeds (Batten, 2014). The aim of this paper was to present an overview of the goat industry to provide background knowledge for consideration when deciding the direction of the goat industries in New Zealand. As part of the overview, farmers, processors and industry bodies were contacted to obtain an estimate of the number and location of goats farmed in New Zealand. Although some of the sources of information for the goat industry are not perfect, this research is an attempt to bring together information that has not been consolidated in nearly 40 years (Shepard \& O{\textquoteright}Donnell, 1979) and was achieved as part of a three-part study with companion papers being produced (Lopez-Lozano et al. 2017; Smith et al. 2017). Information from this study were used in conjunction with the value of the goat industry (Lopez-Lozano et al. 2017) to project the potential of the New Zealand goat industry (Smith et al. 2017).</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Scholtens MR and Smith RMC and Lopez-Lozano SR and Lopez-Villalobos N and Burt D and Harper L and Tuohy M and Thomas DG and Carr AJ and Gray DI and Tozer P and Schreurs NM}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Body condition and morphometric measures of adiposity in a cohort of Pony Club horses and ponies in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {195-199},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { A cross-sectional study was conducted to describe and compare the body condition and morphometrics of Pony Club (PC) horses
and ponies at two points in the year. Data were collected from a cohort of PC riders in spring (n=158) and autumn (n=155), with
73 repeat measurements across the two seasons. There were more ponies (68\%, 164/240, wither-height <=148 cm) than horses in the
study population. Most (76\%, 183/240) animals were kept on ad libitum pasture throughout the year and were fed small quantities
of supplementary feed. The median body condition score (BCS) of the animals was 6 (interquartile range 5-7). Forty-seven per
cent (112/240) of the animals were scored {\textquoteleft}fat{\textquoteright} (BCS >=7) and 25\% (61/240) presented with a cresty-neck score >=3. There was poor
inter-rater agreement between the study personnel and owners for BCS of horses (Kappa=0.26) and ponies (Kappa=0.11). The
study personnel identified 54\% (88/162) of ponies as {\textquoteleft}fat{\textquoteright}, whereas owners underestimated the BCS of ponies, and identified only
40\% (65/162) as {\textquoteleft}fat{\textquoteright} (P<0.001). The measurements of body weight did not differ between seasons, and only some morphologybased
assessments of adiposity differed between seasons. Overall, 17\% (15/88) of {\textquoteleft}fat{\textquoteright} ponies and 21\% (11/53) of those with
{\textquoteleft}cresty-necks{\textquoteright} were reported to have had a previous history of laminitis. Laminar rings were observed in 98\% (234/240) of the
PC horses and ponies. The study highlighted that horses and ponies kept on pasture maintain body weight and condition from
spring to autumn, but this finding may be biased by the high percentage of {\textquoteleft}fat{\textquoteright} ponies in the study population. The poor inter-rater
agreement for BCS, particularly with ponies, and similar morphological measurements between seasons, highlights the challenges
with using these measurements of adiposity in ponies},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fernandes KA and Rogers CW and Gee EK and Bolwell CF and Thomas DG}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {A cross-sectional survey of rider and horse demographics, and the feeding, health and management of Pony Club horses in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {11-16},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {A cross-sectional survey was conducted to describe rider and horse demographics, and the feeding, health, and management of horses and ponies involved with Pony Clubs in New Zealand. An online survey collected information from members of the New Zealand Pony Clubs Association between 1st November 2012 and 31st January 2013. A total of 502 respondents completed the survey. Most riders were female (95\%; 455/481) and were <=16 years of age (74\%; 357/481). Decisions on feeding and management of horses were rarely made by the rider alone (26\%; 124/476). The rider{\textquoteright}s parent or person responsible for the horse were often included in the decision-making, which occurred consistently across all age-groups <=16 years (P<0.001). Over half (53\%; 252/475) of the respondents{\textquoteright} families had more than 20 years of equine experience. On a scale of 1-9, the median body condition score (BCS) of the nominated Pony Club horses was six (interquartile range 5-6), and only 22\% (98/446) of respondents indicated that their horse was overweight (BCS >=7/9). More than 80\% of horses were managed on pasture throughout the year, with 24-hour access to grazing each day. In addition to pasture, 82\% (409/502) of respondents fed their horses a combination of commercially available equine feeds, including premixed feeds, cereals, and conserved forages. Overall, owners of Pony Club horses reported few health issues associated with their horse.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fernandes KA and Rogers CW and Gee EK and Bolwell CF and Thomas DG}
}
@conference {40886,
	title = {Localisation of transforming growth factor Beta1-like immunoreactivity in foetal and mature skin from Romneys and Merinos.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {51-56},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Skin samples removed from sheep foetuses at weekly intervals during gestation were studied to examine how between breed differences in follicle development are induced. Immunocytochemical methods were used to examine the localisation of the peptide transforming growth factor-Beta1 (TGFb1 ). Our observations indicate general localisation of TGFb1 in the skin between 83 and 104 days of gestation in both Romney and Merino breeds. This coincides with the maturation of primary follicles and the development of sebaceous and sweat glands. TGFb1 immunoreactivity was maintained in primary follicles (particularly the presumptive inner root sheath cells in lower regions of the bulb), sweat gland and sebaceous gland but by day 134, a more discrete localisation was observed in the inner root sheath (IRS), outer root sheath (ORS) and sebaceous gland with intense immunoreactivity in the sweat gland. The timing of the localisation and the lack of difference between the breeds suggest that variation in the TGFb1 level is unlikely to have a regulatory role in primary and secondary follicle initiation but may play a role in regulating the diverse differentiation pattern of various cell types within the follicle. The intense immunoreactivity in mature sweat glands suggests a possible osmoregulatory role for TGFb1 in the skin.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hocking-Edwards JE and Thomas DG and Birtles MJ and Harris PM and McCutcheon SN and Wickham GA}
}
