@conference {41225,
	title = {Dietary effects on gene expression of lipogenic enzymes in mammary gland of lactating mice},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {311-313},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The effects of a fat-free or clofibrate-supplemented diet on gene expression of several lipogenic enzymes was investigated in mammary gland and liver of lactating mice. In lactating mammary gland, stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) mRNA expression was increased 2.1-fold (P<0.05) by feeding the fat-free diet, whereas clofibrate had no influence compared to control diet. Fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), thioesterase II and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA levels in lactating mammary gland were unchanged after feeding the fat-free or clofibrate diets compared to control. In livers from lactating mice, the fat-free diet increased expression of SCD 5-fold (P<0.05) and FAS 10-fold (P<0.001) compared to control. ACC expression was unchanged by either the fat-free or clofibrate diet compared to control diet. These data show that, in lactating mammary tissue, expression of key lipogenic enzymes may be manipulated by diet, thus offering a potential means to modify milkfat composition. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Singh K and Harley DG and Grigor MR and McFadden TB}
}
@conference {40934,
	title = {Effect of breed and diet on de novo synthesis of fatty acids by mammary gland tissue of Friesian and Jersey dairy cows.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {216},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Differences exist in the fatty acid (FA) composition of milkfat of Jersey and Friesian cows. Milkfat triglycerides are produced in mammary epithelial cells using FAs taken up from circulation as well as FAs synthesised de novoby the gland. The aim of the present experiments was to determine whether mammary metabolism is responsible for milkfat differences between breeds and to determine effects of diet on these.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {van den Koedijk CDMA and Thomson NA and McFadden TB}
}
@conference {40777,
	title = {Effects of stage of lactation and season on udder development and milk yield in pasture-fed cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {58-60},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Effects of stage of lactation and season on mammary development and  milk yield were determined in three herds of lactating Friesian cows (n~25  cows/herd) during June and July 1995. The herds in early, mid or late  lactation calved in Apr-95, Jan-95 or Oct-94, respectively. Milk yield, in June, was higher in early and mid than in late lactation (16.1,  15.3 and 11.7 kg/d respectively, P<0.001). In July, yield was highest in  early lactation and significantly lower with each successive stage of lactation  (14.0, 12.5 and 10.4 kg/d, P<0.02). Yield decreased from June to July (14.4  to 12.3 kg/day, P<0.001) under increasingly severe  nutritional/environmental influences. Udder capacity was higher in early  and mid lactation than in late (16.1, 16.2 and 14.3 L, P=0.07), and decreased  18\% from June to July (17.1 to 14.0 L, P<0.001). These results suggest that  loss of mammary capacity is an important cause of declining milk  production due to stage of lactation and season. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Eichler SJ and McFadden TB}
}
@conference {40779,
	title = {Oestrogenic effects on in vitro co-culture of mammary explants and epithelial cells},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {62-64},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Mechanisms of oestrogen stimulation of mammary development were  examined using ewe lambs treated with oestradiol (0.1mg/kg BW/day for 7  days; n=5) or controls (n=5). Mammary explants were incubated with [3H]- thymidine to determine effects of oestrogen on epithelial cell proliferation.  Also, explants of mammary stroma and parenchyma were co-cultured with a  mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) to determine the ability of the  explants to stimulate MAC-T growth. Oestrogen increased proliferation of  ewe mammary epithelial cells (P < 0.02). In co-cultures, addition of  mammary explants increased growth of MAC-T cells (P < 0.01), but there  was no effect or interaction of tissue type (stroma vs. parenchyma) or  oestrogen (P > 0.10). Proliferation of mammary explants was negatively  correlated with growth of MAC-T cells in co-cultures (r = -0.41; P < 0.07).  These results confirm the importance of oestrogen and mammary stroma in  regulating mammary epithelial proliferation but fail to show a requirement  for mammary stroma to mediate oestrogenic effects on epithelial cells. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ellis S and McFadden TB and Akers RM}
}
@conference {40655,
	title = {Effects of induced parturition on mammary function},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {21-22},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Four 6.4 ha farmlets each stocked with 24 high genetic merit  Friesian cows were used to determine the effect of nitrogen fertiliser  (N), and a long summer grazing rotation on pasture and milk production  in summer. Treatments were 0 )-N) or 50 kg N/ha (+N) in December,  January and March and a 16 day (16) or 40 day (40) rotation. Treatments  started 15 December, following a two week uniformity period, and ran  until 29 April.    On the 16 and 40 day rotations N increased net herbage accumulation by  0.8 t DM/ha, and milksolids (MS) production by 92 and 38 kg/ha  respectively. Across both nitrogen treatments, the 40 day rotation  increased net herbage accumulation by 1.7 t DM/ha. The MS production  was 39kg/ha greater on the -N40 than the -N16 treatment whereas that of  the +N16 and +N40 did not differ significantly.    The N and long rotation treatments also resulted in higher average  herbage mass and cow condition at the end of the experimental period.  It is concluded that N in early summer and a long summer rotation are  useful management practices to reduce the effects of summer dry periods.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McFadden TB and Verkerk GA and Clark BA and Hovey RC and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40651,
	title = {Influence of milking frequency and feeding level on plasmin activity and casein degradation in milk},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {9-11},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Wool samples from 28 Merino wethers, 31 Corriedale ewes, 37  Perendale ewes and 30 Coopworth ewes were examined for propensity to  develop yellow discolouration in relation to the mean fibre diameter and  its variability.    The propensity of wool to develop yellow discolourations was estimated  by two techniques, namely, an incubation technique which measures the  colour developed in the wool fibre during an incubation in the  laboratory, and the predictive technique described by Aitken et  al., 1994.    Correlations between propensity to yellow (Y-Z) and mean fibre diameter  were low in the Corriedale, Perendale and Coopworth samples, but high in  the Merinos. Correlations between propensity to yellow and standard  deviation of fibre diameter were also low in the Corriedales, Perendales  and Coopworths, but moderate in the Merinos. The correlations between Y  and Z and the fibre diameter statistics following similar trends to  those for Y-Z.    All correlations between propensity to yellow and coefficient of  variation of fibre diameter were low.    Thus while the propensity to discolour during growth is positively  related to fibre diameter in fine wool, no such relationship exists in  medium and coarser wool. This provides a further reason for Merino  breeders to produce a fine fleece type.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Prosser CG and Nicholas G and Stelwagen K and Lacy-Hulbert SJ and Woolford MW and McFadden TB}
}
@conference {40656,
	title = {Mitogenic activity of lamb mammary fat pad in vitro is distinct from that of mouse mammary fat pad},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {23-25},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Apple pomace, a by-product of the apple juicing industry, was  assessed as a supplementary feed for lactating dairy cows during autumn.  Cows were offered a base diet of 6 kg DM/cow/day from grazed pasture and  one of three supplement treatments; control (7 kg DM/cow/day grass  silage); apple pomace (AP) (3 kg DM/cow/day grass silage plus 4 kg  DM/cow/day fresh AP); and AP+"balancer" (3 kg DM/cow/day grass silage  plus 3 kg DM/cow/day fresh AP plus 1 kg DM of by-pass protein meal  supplement ("balancer"). Treatment groups each comprised 10 mixed age  Friesian-Jersey crossbred cows which were fed the supplement(s) in their  respective groups in two equal portions following morning and evening  milkings. Groups were grazed independently on similar pastures between  these times.    Herd test milk yields over the 28 day supplementary feeding period were  greater for the AP and AP+"balancer" groups (14.1 \& 14.7 litres/cow/day,  respectively) than for the control group (12.1 litres/cow/day; P<0.001).  Milk protein yields were lower for the control than the two AP groups  (0.43 vs 0.54 \& 0.57 kg/cow/day for control, AP and AP+"balancer",  respectively; P<0.01). Yields of milkfat (0.58 vs 0.70 vs 0.77  kg/cow/day) and milksolids (1.01 vs 1.24 vs 1.34 kg/cow/day) differed  between all three treatment groups (P<0.05). Cow condition and  bodyweights were similar between the three treatment groups at both the  start and end of the trial. Apple pomace was therefore shown to be a  useful supplement for dairy cows in late lactation.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hovey RC and McFadden TB and MacKenzie DDS}
}
@conference {40654,
	title = {Regulation of lactose production by ovine mammary acini in culture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {17-20},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Five sets of rising five year old Holstein-Friesian non-lactating  identical twin cows were studied from February to April 1994. One  member from each twin pair had been tail docked at 18 months of age  while the other member had its tail intact. The animals were observed  weekly at three different times of day; 7am, 12 noon and 3pm. At low  fly levels there were no significant differences in the frequencies of  either front (eg. leg stamping) or rear (eg. tail flicking) focused fly-  induced behaviours between the two treatments. At high fly levels there  were no significant differences in front focused behaviours but the  docked animals performed significantly more rear focused behaviours than  the non-docked cows (eg. 96 vs 34 tailflicks at 12 noon, p<0.05).    The adrenocorticol responses to intravenous injection of 0.05mg ACTH  (Synachthen, CIBA-GEIGY) or saline was assessed four times throughout  the experiment. The animals were blood sampled at time - 1min, 50 and  120 min relative to the time of injection of ACTH or saline. There were  no significant differences in plasma cortisol concentrations in response  to ACTH injection between treatments.    Tail docked cows had elevated levels of fly induced behaviour but did  not have an altered adrenal cortex function. This suggests that  behaviour is a more sensitive indicator of the effects of fly predation  than adrenal response to ACTH. Sensitive physiological indicators of  chronic stress need to be developed for the assessment of husbandry  practices.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McFadden TB and Callaghan MR and Davis SR}
}
@conference {40581,
	title = {Mouse mammary fat pad interacts with mitogens to stimulate epithelial growth in vitro},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {125-130},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Issues of sustainability in animal production in developed countries  involve a trend away from intensive production systems and destruction of the  environment, towards improved animal welfare and increased product quality,  with an emphasis on reduced use of chemicals in production systems. The  negative environmental impact and the loss of biodiversity, due to livestock  production systems, are major issues in both developed and developing  countries. In developing countries, desertification and deforestation, the  sustainable management of wildlife systems and the need to reduce competition  between humans and animals for scarce resources, are all major issues of  sustainability. While the developed world is looking towards "de-intensifying"  its animal agriculture, the developing regions of the world have a perceived  need to intensify animal production systems in order to support increasing  populations, urban growth and an increased demand for animal products.   The implications for scientific research include: aiming to optimise rather than  maximise production; greater emphasis on the ecological aspects of sustainable  systems, maintenance of biodiversity and natural resources; and minimising  external inputs and satisfying the food, income and social needs of rural  communities. Scientific communities must increasingly seek international  collaboration in a global approach to the challenge of sustainable animal  production.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hovey RC and McFadden TB and MacKenzie DDS}
}
@conference {40474,
	title = {Regulation of growth in cultured mammary epithelium from beef and dairy heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {143-146},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Red deer have recently been introduced to the intensive domestic environment, where there are many social and physical constraints not experienced by wild deer. Aspects of the social environment likely to affect welfare include group size, density and composition. Physical aspects of the pasture environment which may influence welfare are shade, shelter, wallows and opportunities for ranging behaviour, while variables in the handling environment which are probably important are pen construction and lighting.  Various methods have been employed to assess welfare in red deer. Studies of confined deer have indicated that they respond to aversive conditions at pasture by pacing along fencelines, and in the handling environment by nosing doors and walls. Preference testing has compared different handling environments and treatments, and demonstrated that human presence, novelty and mechanical restraint were aversive. Results from detailed studies of velvet antler removal suggest that improved methods of providing analgesia are possible. Research into modifying the basic character of farmed deer through genetic selection or intensive handling of deer calves has been instigated. Overall, high welfare standards in deer production systems are a realistic goal. There are no long-established traditions to adhere to, and a foundation of productive assessment techniques and results has been established.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McFadden TB and Cockrell DC}
}
@conference {40530,
	title = {Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I during the oestrous cycle in ewes selected for lamb production},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {377-380},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {In keeping with the evident requirement of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) for normal growth in livestock, IGF-I is required for the normal proliferation of many non-transformed cells in tissue culture. The timing of IGF-I action is believed to be early in proliferation and/or prior to DNA synthesis. Since IGF-I acts on the Type I and Type II IGF receptors, and on the insulin receptor, it is possible that one or all of these receptors are proliferation regulated, such that they are expressed mainly at a certain stage(s) in the cell proliferation cycle. Regulation might occur at the level of the receptor or at the mRNA level. Several cell types have been chosen to test this model. In the experiments reported here, Norden Lab Feline Kidney (NLFK) cells were grown on coverslips and synchronised using a starve/feed regimen. Coverslips fixed at various times after refeeding were probed in situ for the presence of actin RNA and for IGF Type I receptor RNA.  Whereas actin RNA levels increased and declined during the proliferation cycle in agreement with earlier reports. Type I receptor RNA levels were undetectable at the times sampled. Possible reasons for this are discussed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McFadden TB and Stellflug JA and Cockrell DC and Butler JE}
}
