@conference {41238,
	title = {Cryopreservation of shellfish sperm, eggs and embryos},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {31-34},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos plays a key role in the advanced areas of animal production. It will also play  a central role in future aquaculture. The techniques to cryopreserve gametes are well understood in domestic animals such as sheep and cattle.  In contrast, research on shellfish cryopreservation is scarce. A major limitation of previous shellfish  work is that fertilisation or short-term survival has been taken as the measure of success, which has not been validated in  terms of successful development and growth of larvae. This manuscript briefly describes the approach to the problem by this research team and highlights some of the similarities and differences between the procedures used with shellfish and  domestic animal gametes.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Pugh PA and Tervit HR and Roberts RD and Janke AR and Kaspar HF and Adams SL}
}
@conference {41124,
	title = {Are cattle capable of producing litters of calves?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {216-218},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Early embryo survival was examined in recipient heifers following the transfer of either 5 or 15 (Expt 1, N=19), or either 2 or 10 (Expt 2, N=46) in vitro produced embryos transferred into the same uterine horn. In Expt 1, the mean {\textpm} s.e. number of conceptuses per pregnant recipient was 2.5 {\textpm} 0.6 and 10.8 {\textpm} 0.8 (P<0.001) in recipients receiving either 5 or 15 embryos. Overall, 63 {\textpm} 4\% of embryos survived (mean {\textpm} s.d.), with no difference among recipients receiving 5 embryos and examined on Day 15, or receiving 15 embryos and slaughtered on either Day 15 or Day 22 (56 {\textpm} 10\%, 77 {\textpm} 5\% and 68 {\textpm} 5\%, respectively, X{\texttwosuperior} = 3.67, NS). Survival was inexplicably lower on Day 22 in recipients receiving 5 embryos (24 {\textpm} 9\% vs. 69 {\textpm} 4\%, X{\texttwosuperior} = 19.15, P<0.001). Pregnancy rate was similar in heifers receiving either 5 or 15 embryos (9/9 vs. 8/10, X{\texttwosuperior} = 2.01, NS), and the mean {\textpm} se number of conceptuses per pregnant recipient was 2.5 {\textpm} 0.6 vs. 10.8 {\textpm} 0.8, (P<0.001). In Expt 2, embryo survival was 80 {\textpm} 5\% and 73 {\textpm} 2\% (NS), and the mean {\textpm} s.e. number of conceptuses per pregnant recipient 1.6 {\textpm} 0.2 and 7.3 {\textpm} 0.3 (P<0.001) in recipients receiving either 2 or 10 embryos. These preliminary results demonstrate that recipient cattle are apparently capable of supporting large numbers of viable conceptuses (5-15) up until at least the fourth week of pregnancy. Whether these can be maintained to term is yet to be demonstrated, although published evidence suggests that the biological limit may be 5 calves per cow at term. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McMillan WH and Peterson J and Thompson J and Pugh PA}
}
@conference {40952,
	title = {Effect on time of year of treatment and selection for out-of-season breeding on the superovulatory response in ewes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {258},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Previous results (Greaney, et al.,1991.) indicate that season of year has little effect on the response parameters of MOET although interactions between breed and season were recorded. Flocks within a breed have been selected for differences in seasonal lambing patterns based on ewe lambing date (Smith, et al.,1992). This trial reports the effects of this selection on the production and quality of embryos following superovulation at two times of the year as part of the cryogenic conservation process for these flocks.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and McGowan LT and Murray GR and Parr J and Pugh PA and Tervit HR}
}
@conference {40865,
	title = {Winter feeding of twinning beef cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {382-385},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A grazing trial was conducted in southern North Island hill country  during 1994, to determine the influence of pasture allowance during winter  on cow/calf performance of 40 twin- (T) and 40 single-calf (S) bearing  Friesian-cross beef cows. Groups of T and S cows were grazed at low (L),  medium (M) and high (H) pasture allowances for the last 4 months of  gestation. Average LW in late autumn was 467 kg, and change up to 4 weeks pre- calving was LS -7.8\%, MS -2.4\%, HS +1.5\%, LT -8.1\%, MT -3.0\%, HT - 3.5\%, suggesting S cows responded to a increased pasture allowance in late  gestation, but T only to M and no further to H. Blood serum bOH  concentration, which was used as a measure of energy status, was not  influenced by allowance treatment, but T (2.2 mmol/l) had higher  concentrations than S (0.9). Twinning cows had a shorter gestation length  than S cows (277 vs 284 d). Twin calves were lighter at birth (30.9 vs 44.2  kg), had lower perinatal survival (73 vs 96\%), and grew more slowly to 4  months of age than single calves (0.76 vs 1.11 kg/d). Our results suggest that },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lambert MG and Devantier BP and Betteridge K and McMillan WH and Pugh PA}
}
@conference {40633,
	title = {In vitro production of cattle embryos: Use in beef twinning programmes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {351-352},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This study investigated the survival of <I>in vitro</I> derived embryos as 
single or twin pregnancies following their twin transfer to recipient cows.  
Abattoir-derived oocytes were matured, fertilised and then cultured for 6-7 days 
using our standard laboratory procedures.  One hundred and forty good quality late  
morula and blastocysts were transferred non-surgically, in pairs, to recipient  
cows on day 7 of the oestrous cycle (day 0 = oestrus).  Recipients were  
monitored by ultrasound for pregnancy up to Day 60 and embryo survival was  
determined.  While 57 (81\%) of recipients did not show oestrus by day 21, only  
39 (56\%) were pregnant on day 35 and 30 (77\%) of the pregnancies were twins  
(embryo survival; 57\%).  Increasing stage of gestation was associated with a  
decrease in pregnancy rate, twin pregnancies and embryo survival (46\%, 37\%  
and 31\%, respectively) on day 60.  The results show that while high initial  
pregnancy rates can be established following the transfer of two <I>in vitro</I>  
derived embryos, embryo survival drops during early pregnancy.  Current research  
efforts are investigating factors that may influence early embryo survival in  
cattle. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Pugh PA and Thompson JG and McGowan LT and McMillan WH and Tervit HR}
}
@conference {40426,
	title = {Effect of glucose level in culture medium on survival of in vitro cultured sheep embryos following transfer to recipient ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {255-256},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The commencement and course of cell proliferation is described  in proanagen hair follicles of ferrets. Initiation of autumn fur growth  was synchronised in 32 animals using melatonin implants. Skin samples  containing S-phase cells labelled in vivo with bromodeoxyuridine were  collected from groups of four animals up until the time of development  of metanagen follicles at 14 days post-implant. Cells were visualised  by an indirect immunocytochemical method and counts made of  proliferating cells in the hair germ, epithelial strand/outer root  sheath, connective tissue sheath and dermal papilla. Telogen follicles  showed no labelling in all four tissues until 4 days after melatonin  implant. The largest number of proliferating cells were in the hair  germ, which formed the new fibre and inner root sheath. The cell  labelling index for this tissue remained high at 14 days post-implant.  In other tissues, cell proliferation reached peaks during mid to late  proanagen, then declined as the metanagen state was reached. These  results indicate that some key signalling events controlling ferret hair  growth occur between 0 and 4 days after the melatonin implant, and  illustrate the separate processes of follicular regeneration and fibre  growth occurring in proanagen follicles.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Thompson JG and Simpson AC and Pugh PA and McGowan LT and James RW and Berg DK and Payne SR and Tervit HR}
}
