@conference {41359,
	title = {Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid in milk from cows grazing pasture of fed a total mixed ration for an entire lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {240-241},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for the range of conjugated isomers of linoleic acid (C182). These fatty acids occur naturally in milkfat and have proven anticarcinogenic properties in laboratory rodents (Ip et al., 1999). Additionally, the various isomers have other reputed benefits for human health such as enhanced bone mineralisation, antidiabetic effects, reduced atherosclerosis and immune system modulation (Whigham et al., 2000). Such potential benefits for human health have focussed international research on enhancing concentrations of CLA in milk and dairy products. Overseas data show that one way to increase the concentrations of CLA in milk is to change the diet of cows from a typical total mixed ration (TMR) to pasture (Kelly et al., 1998; White et al., 2001). This points to a potential competitive advantage for the New Zealand dairy industry, in which pasture is already almost the sole source of feed. Despite this there are no data confirming the beneficial effects of pasture for enhancing CLA under New Zealand grazing conditions. The experiment described here used an existing experiment to compare the concentrations of CLA in milk from cows fed TMR or grazing pasture for an entire lactation under New Zealand conditions.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Audlist MJ and Kay JK and Thomson NA and Napper AR and Kolver ES}
}
@conference {41310,
	title = {Effects of time-of-calving on dairy production: a farmlet study},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {42-43},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Most dairy cows in New Zealand are calved just prior to spring in order to maximise pasture utilisation. This practice is associated with marked irregularities in the volume and composition of milk supplied to factories, which is a major limitation of seasonally-calving, pasture-based dairying systems. The need to accommodate peak milk flow means that manufacturing plants are underutilised for most of the season. Further, changes to milk composition can make it difficult to manufacture dairy products of high quality during some parts of the season, which necessitates the storage of product to meet out-of-season demand.
Such irregularities are caused by a number of factors, including nutritional factors associated with the changing quality and availability of pasture, and physiological and hormonal factors associated with the stage of lactation of the cows (Auldist et al., 1997). One way of manipulating the lactation curve of the cows may, therefore, be to adjust the time of the year at which calving occurs. A previous study in New Zealand showed that autumn calving herds could be as profitable as spring calving herds (Garcia et al., 1998). In that study, nutritional demands were matched with pasture availability by adjusting stocking rate and feeding varying amounts of pasture and maize silage when required. A premium for winter milk was also applied.
The current study was designed to investigate the effects of calving at four different times of the year on milk production in farmlet systems which were otherwise similar in stocking rate and other farm management variables. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Audlist MJ and MacDonald KA and Thomson NA and Coulter M and Lancaster JAS and Penno JW}
}
