@conference {41340,
	title = {The effect of endophyte alkaloids on diet selection by sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {167-170},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Sheep have a strong preference for clover in summer. One explanation for this may be the avoidance of alkaloids such as lolitrem B, ergovaline and peramine that are produced at that time of the year by endophytic fungi in ryegrass. We tested this hypothesis by exposing groups of three sheep to three food items (ryegrass with wild-type endophyte (E+), ryegrass with no endophyte (E-), and white clover (CL)), in December and in February. Each food was offered singly and in pairs, and time spent grazing on each food, short-term dry matter (DM) intake rate, and preference was measured. In February, sheep given E+ or E- ryegrass alone, grazed for 400 mins/day, compared with 370 mins/day when given a choice between them (P=0.15, SEM=14). The time spent grazing on the E+/E- choice was comprised of 280 mins/day on E- and 90 mins/day on E+ indicating a strong preference for E-. When offered ryegrass and white clover, the total grazing time (335 mins/day), and the grazing time on clover (285 mins/day) and on ryegrass (50 mins/day), were similar for E+/CL and E-/CL. Short-term dry matter intake rate of grass (3.4 g DM/min), and the strong preference for clover in this study, were unaffected by the presence of endophyte. We conclude that while sheep detect endophyte alkaloids, they avoid eating them only when doing so does not reduce daily intake or change the proportion of grass and clover in their diet. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Anderson CB and Phillot M and Nyfeler D and Hume DE and Parsons AJ and Lane GA}
}
@conference {41339,
	title = {Growing grass and clover separately allows animals to sustain a high nutrient intake},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {163-166},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {White clover has high nutritive value but the proportion in mixed pasture and therefore the diet, is often low. Offering sheep ryegrass and clover growing side-by-side, for short periods, increases the proportion of clover in the diet and daily intake compared to a mixed pasture. This experiment tested whether sheep offered ryegrass and clover side-by-side could sustain a high proportion of clover in their diet and a high daily intake, compared with sheep grazing ryegrass alone, clover alone and ryegrass and white clover growing as a mixed sward. Forty-eight dry, non-pregnant Romney ewes (56 {\textpm} 1.8kg live weight) were randomly allocated to four replicates (two spatial x two temporal) of each treatment (n=3) for 12 days. Average grazing time was 292 {\textpm} 16.2 min/day and did not differ significantly among treatments. Short-term intake rate on clover (5.0 g/min) was higher than ryegrass (3.5 g/min) (P=0.02). As a result, clover dominant diets supported higher daily intake (1.36 kg/d for clover alone vs. 1.08 kg/d for ryegrass alone). Sheep sustained a diet of 70\% clover and 30\% ryegrass, showing that predominance of clover in the diet was not a result of novelty. This improved daily intake would provide significant benefit to animal production systems and can be achieved simply by growing grass and clover separately. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Marotti DM and Cosgrove GP and Chapman DF and Parsons AJ and Egan AR and Anderson CB}
}
@conference {41177,
	title = {Effects of yarding and transport on muscle glycogen concentration in beef cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {124-125},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Low ultimate-pH of beef is desirable because it enhances shelf life, colour and tenderness. Pre-slaughter stress is thought to deplete muscle glycogen and in extreme cases lead to higher ultimate pH of beef. Seventeen-month-old steers were allocated to three treatments (n=15): Control (C, grazing on pasture), Yarded (Y, held for 24 hours in cattle yards) and Yarded plus Transported (YT, as for Y but also trucked for 4 hours during the 24-hour yarding period). The Y and YT animals lost weight (average 25.5 kg) during time off pasture. Plasma glucose and lactate did not differ across treatments. Plasma cortisol and creatine kinase concentrations were increased by YT and plasma non-esterified fatty acids concentration by both Y and YT. Despite these indicators of occurrence of mild stress, especially in YT, muscle (longissimus dorsi) glycogen concentration was not influenced by treatments. Results suggest that increased emphasis on improved animal handling during yarding and trucking of cattle is unlikely to markedly lower the incidence of high-pH beef. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lambert MG and Knight TW and Cosgrove GP and Death AF and Anderson CB}
}
@conference {41040,
	title = {Exercise effects on muscle glycogen concentration in beef cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {243-244},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Low ultimate-pH of beef is desirable because it increases shelf life and has beneficial effects on colour and tenderness. Industry recommendations are that beef animals are not exercised strenuously prior to trucking, as this may trigger depletion of muscle glycogen and lead to higher beef pH. In 2 experiments, 400-500 kg 18-month-old steers were exercised at a range of intensities up to 5 km distance at 8 km/hr. Biopsy samples from the longissimus dorsi muscle were taken and glycogen concentration measured. Although plasma lactate levels were elevated by exercise there was no significant depletion in muscle glycogen concentration (average 17.7 mg/g tissue). Depletion may have occurred had animals been heavier and fatter, or if the exercise regime had been more severe. Alternatively, it may be that at the level of exercise imposed (which was severe by farm-practice standards), animals also needed to be emotionally stressed in order to precipitate a depletion of glycogen, through a combination of muscle contractile and adrenergic reactions. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lambert MG and Knight TW and Cosgrove GP and Anderson CB and Death AF and Fisher AD}
}
@conference {40927,
	title = {Cattle diet preference and species selection as influenced by availability.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {197-198},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Diet composition is partly determined by selective grazing. In general, cattle show a preference for a mixed diet (Cosgrove et al., 1996), with partial preference for legumes over grasses (Parsons et al., 1994). This work was conducted to determine if cattle modify their dietary pref-erence as the availability of a preferred species decreases.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Torres-Rodriguez A and Cosgrove GP and Hodgson J and Anderson CB}
}
