@conference {41401,
	title = {Effects of different forages on phenol and methylphenol formation in the rumen of sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {40-44},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Rumen concentrations of the undesirable phenol flavour compounds 4-methylphenol, 3-methylphenol, and phenol, were measured in pooled samples from six rumen-fistulated Romney wethers. Samples were collected at approximately 1 hr intervals for 8 hr after feeding white clover (WC), perennial ryegrass (PRG), or Lotus corniculatus (LC). For all three phenols, the time-course curves for the rumen concentration differed significantly between the three diets (P<0.001) with wide differences in maximum concentrations. For 4-methylphenol, concentrations normalised to crude protein intake (CPI) were very similar. Concentrations of phenol normalised to CPI were very similar for PRG and WC diets but much lower for the LC diet. No 3-methylphenol was detected in the rumen of WC-fed animals. For animals fed the PRG and LC diets, concentrations of 3-methylphenol normalised to acid detergent fibre intake were similar. Differences were also observed in the time to maximum concentration after the commencement of feeding, which was much shorter for 4-methylphenol and phenol (2-3.5 hr) than for 3-methylphenol (6 hr). This study established that feeding different forages resulted in differences in phenol metabolism in the rumen, and provides evidence that 4-methylphenol and 3-methylphenol derive from different dietary sources. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fraser K and Lane GA and Schreurs NM and Tavendale MH and McNabb WC and Marotti DM}
}
@conference {41395,
	title = {Postprandial indole and skatole formation in the rumen when feeding white clover, perennial ryegrass and Lotus corniculatus},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {14-17},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {In some international markets, meat and milk products from pasture-fed animals is associated with an undesirable pastoral flavour and odour. Sensory evaluation and chemical analysis of products has associated these flavours and odours with the presence of skatole and indole. Skatole and indole are formed in the rumen from the degradation of dietary protein. Condensed tannins (CT) have been shown to reduce protein degradation in the rumen and could reduce the formation of skatole and indole. This study investigated the concentrations of skatole and indole in the rumen of sheep after feeding white clover (WC), perennial ryegrass (PRG) and the CT forage, Lotus corniculatus (LC). Six rumen-fistulated Romney wethers were fed the cut forages and rumen contents sampled at intervals after the start of feeding. Feeding WC resulted in higher (P<0.05) peak concentrations of indole and skatole in the rumen per kilogram of crude protein eaten (CPI) compared to PRG and LC. There was a higher peak concentration of indole, but not skatole, in the rumen of sheep fed PRG compared to sheep fed LC (P<0.05). Feeding LC resulted in lower peak concentrations of skatole compared to feeding WC and lower peak concentrations of indole than when feeding WC or PRG. White clover in pastures may be a key factor of the high skatole and indole contents in meat and milk products obtained from pasture-based grazing systems. CT forages seem a likely solution to reducing ruminal skatole and indole formation. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Schreurs NM and Tavendale MH and Lane GA and Barry TN and Marotti DM and McNabb WC}
}
@conference {41339,
	title = {Growing grass and clover separately allows animals to sustain a high nutrient intake},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {163-166},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {White clover has high nutritive value but the proportion in mixed pasture and therefore the diet, is often low. Offering sheep ryegrass and clover growing side-by-side, for short periods, increases the proportion of clover in the diet and daily intake compared to a mixed pasture. This experiment tested whether sheep offered ryegrass and clover side-by-side could sustain a high proportion of clover in their diet and a high daily intake, compared with sheep grazing ryegrass alone, clover alone and ryegrass and white clover growing as a mixed sward. Forty-eight dry, non-pregnant Romney ewes (56 {\textpm} 1.8kg live weight) were randomly allocated to four replicates (two spatial x two temporal) of each treatment (n=3) for 12 days. Average grazing time was 292 {\textpm} 16.2 min/day and did not differ significantly among treatments. Short-term intake rate on clover (5.0 g/min) was higher than ryegrass (3.5 g/min) (P=0.02). As a result, clover dominant diets supported higher daily intake (1.36 kg/d for clover alone vs. 1.08 kg/d for ryegrass alone). Sheep sustained a diet of 70\% clover and 30\% ryegrass, showing that predominance of clover in the diet was not a result of novelty. This improved daily intake would provide significant benefit to animal production systems and can be achieved simply by growing grass and clover separately. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Marotti DM and Cosgrove GP and Chapman DF and Parsons AJ and Egan AR and Anderson CB}
}
@conference {41366,
	title = {New opportunities to improve forage- based production systems},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {273-277},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>Pasture based grazing systems in New Zealand provide many benefits such as low costs of production but there are also limitations to current high stocking rate systems. These include inconsistent quality and composition of pasture and therefore animal diet. The requirements for high production and tolerance to frequent grazing limit the number of species which can be successfully grown. The rate of productivity improvement has declined in recent years and new methods of management are needed to increase production and meet changing market requirements. Altering methods of forage presentation has been shown to improve production of milk and meat from pasture by allowing animals to achieve a high daily intake of desirable species such as clover. Further new evidence of the capacity of animals to regulate their intake toward goals other than maximizing daily dry matter intake is presented. It is argued that new opportunities for increasing grassland productivity will need to consider the behavioural responses of animals grazing pasture.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Marotti DM and Chapman DF and Cosgrove GP and Parsons AJ and Egan AR}
}
@conference {41233,
	title = {Opportunities for enhancing the delivery of novel forage attributes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {16-19},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Allocating spatially separated forage choices to grazing animals overcomes constraints inherent in mixed pastures and   sustainably delivers the required diet composition, satisfies their desire for mixed diets, and so offers a simple way to   enhance the delivery of the benefits of current and novel forage attributes.  Sheep offered grass and clover in this way   increased daily dry matter intake by 265 g/day (25\%, P<0.05) compared with conventional pasture and sustained 60-70\%  clover in their diet.   Milk production by cows was boosted by 11\% (2.4 kg/cow/day, P<0.01).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Parsons AJ and Marotti DM and Rutter SM and Chapman DF}
}
