@conference {89266,
	title = {The effect of milking frequency in early lactation on gene expression in the bovine mammary gland},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {45-47},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {<p>In ruminants, altered milking frequency influences milk production due to either an increase in the number of secretory mammary epithelial cells and/or the activity of these cells (Stelwagen 2001). Microarray studies examining the response of mammary epithelial cells to either increased (Connor et al. 2008) or decreased (Littlejohn et al. 2010) milking frequency, reportedaltered gene expression in several regulatory pathways. These changes would appear to be locally regulated within the mammary gland, as milk production is different in different glands within the same udder depending on the milking frequency of individual glands (Stelwagen 2001). Therefore, the udder lends itself well as a model system to study the effect of different milking frequencies by comparing the response in adjacent udder halves (Murney et al. 2012).</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {MacLean PH and Stelwagen K and Maqbool N and Oden K and Murney R and Couldrey C and Singh K}
}
@conference {41458,
	title = {The use of cDNA microarrays to investigate changes in gene expression in the involuting bovine mammary gland},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {8-10},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in involution of the udder and which coordinate and regulate the processes of cell death and proliferation after weaning/cessation of milking in ruminants, are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to use cDNA microarray analysis to identify genes and pathways involved in involution of the bovine mammary gland. Ultimately, because this process underpins lactation traits such as persistency and mammary responses to milking frequency (Stelwagen, 2001; Vetharaniam et al., 2003), this information may allow the development of novel strategies for improving milk production especially in the later stages of lactation.
Involution of the bovine mammary gland was induced by abrupt termination of milking in 48 non-pregnant Friesian dairy cows at mid-lactation (average days in milk, 92 {\textpm} 3) {\textellipsis} },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Singh K and Molenaar AJ and Stelwagen K and Farr VC and Good L and Swanson K and Oden K and Wheeler T and McMahon C and Henderson H and Wilson T and Hyndman D and Baird D and McCulloch A and Davis SR}
}
@conference {41460,
	title = {The use of microarrays to investigate gene regulation in the bovine mammary gland during Streptococcus uberis mastitis},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {14-16},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Bovine mastitis is one of the most costly dairy-based diseases worldwide with an estimated $60 M loss to New Zealand per season. Mastitis infections are a result of bacterial or fungal pathogens becoming established in the udder, and are detected by the increase of somatic cells in the mammary gland, bacteriology data and physical signs of infection. In New Zealand, mastitis is usually a result of a gram-positive bacterial infection (Brookbanks, 1966). Of these bacteria, Streptococcus uberis is emerging as one of the most prevalent causative organism of mastitis in New Zealand (McDougall, 2002). It resides naturally in the environment making prevention of the disease difficult.  Currently the main means of controlling the disease is through administering antibiotics following identification of infection.
The mammary gland is protected from invasion by the activation of non-specific (innate) and specific defence mechanisms. The innate immune response is the predominant defence during the early stages of infection and is induced rapidly at the site of infection (Sordillo et al., 1997). Although the local mammary innate immune response has been widely investigated, studies have focussed on known antibacterial compounds and little is known about the novel compounds in bovine milk and how these contribute to the defence system of the mammary gland. The mechanism by which the mammary gland innate immune system is active against S. uberis is poorly understood. By developing an understanding into the way S. uberis induces an immune response in the mammary gland and the effect of infection on mammary gland metabolism we may identify components which can be utilised to either reduce the symptoms of/or prevent or cure S. uberis mastitis. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Swanson KM and Henderson HV and Farr VC and Davis SR and Oden K and Stelwagen K and Molenaar A and Singh K and Prosser CG}
}
