@conference {41514,
	title = {Embryo transfer for improved feed conversion efficiency in cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {246-251},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Two experiments were conducted to understand the interactions between calf weaning date, level of nutrition and parasite  challenge. In the first experiment, spring-born calves were weaned at 6 or 9 months of age (early  or late weaning) and subject  to  natural parasite challenge, or natural plus an additional dose of 7500 infective larvae/day. Late weaned calves (with cows) also had  either high or low pasture allowance treatments imposed. When calves were 9 months of age, calf liveweights (kg) were 253, 302 and  277 (SED 3.9) for the early wean/high nutrition, late wean/high nutrition and late wean/low nutrition treatments respectively and high  and low nutrition cow liveweights were 494 and 479 kg (SED 4.8) respectively. At 9 months of age, early weaned calves showed  higher faecal egg counts (P<0.05). Dosing with additional parasitic larvae had no effect on early weaned calves, but lowered late  weaned calf weights. In the second experiment, calves were weaned at 6 months of age or left un-weaned until the age of 9 months  when all calves were slaughtered. Un-weaned calves showed lower gastro-intestinal worm counts than early weaned calves. In both  experiments, late weaned calves showed substantial liveweight advantage and lower parasite burdens. Reducing the nutrition of late  weaned calves and cows reduced the size of this liveweight benefit. Later weaning is a management option for farmers seeking to  reduce reliance on anthelmintic drenches without the associated production loss.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smeaton DC and Scott ML and Webby RW and McGowan L and Cameron C and Brooky A}
}
@conference {41515,
	title = {Factors associated with calving difficulty in embryo transfer mated cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {252-256},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Data were collected from 249 cows over 2 years at Whatawhata Research Centre on pelvic area, weight and breed of embryo transfer mated cow, calf birth weight, breed and a defined calving difficulty score. Cow liveweight and pelvic area were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.56, P< 0.05), but cow liveweight and calf birth weight were not (R2 = 0.07, NS). Cow pelvic area and calf birth weight were also not related (R2 = 0.04, NS). In July of each year, the Jersey cows were 119 kg lighter (P<0.001), had a smaller pelvic area (264 vs. 322 cm2, P<0.001) and more calving difficulties (26 vs. 5\%, P<0.001) than Hereford x Friesian (HxF) cows. Across breeds, pelvic area (P<0.01) and cow liveweight (P<0.001), when fitted individually, were negatively associated with the probability of a cow having an assisted calving. On its own, the impact of calf birth weight was NS, although it explained additional variation (P<0.05) if cow liveweight was in the model. Within the range of calf breeds (NS) we used, we predict that any of recipient breed, cow liveweight or pelvic area (in decreasing order of reliability) could be used to reject cows at ET that might cause problems at calving although errors of estimation will result in wasteful rejection of cows and will not eliminate calving problems. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smeaton DC and Scott ML and Webby RW and Cameron C and McGowan L and Brooky A}
}
@conference {41405,
	title = {Survival of in vitro-produced cattle embryos from embryo transfer to weaning},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {57-60},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {New reproductive technologies present both the beef and dairy industries of New Zealand with numerous opportunities. A key factor in the successful use of these technologies is the reproductive rate obtained from their use. MOET (multiple ovulation and embryo transfer) is a fairly well established procedure to achieve pregnancy by embryo transfer. As an alternative, harvesting of oocytes, in vitro fertilization, culture, and subsequent embryo transfer (IVP-ET), also has potential. The technology is still relatively new and pregnancy rates of 30\% have been reported. This is at least 10\% lower than that achieved with MOET. As part of another project, approximately 400 recipient cows, in each of three years, were subject to ET using fresh IVP embryos. Pregnancy rates to calving, per embryo transferred, averaged 40, 44 and 33\% in 1999, 2000 and 2001 respectively. Within years, average pregnancy rate varied from less than 20\% to over 50\% depending on recipient source (P<0.05), breed (P<0.01) and condition score (P<0.05). Once cows could be detected pregnant, at about 50 days after embryo transfer, they tended to stay pregnant through to calving. Neither embryo breed nor the type of oestrus-synchronizing device had a significant effect on pregnancy rate. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smeaton DC and McGowan LT and Scott ML and Tervit HR and Cameron CA}
}
@conference {40237,
	title = {Effect of shearing once-yearly in January, once-yearly in July or twice-yearly in January and July on ewe performance},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {329-334},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The major challenges facing the sheep industry are improving   animal performance, minimising disease, reducing labour, and being   attuned to consumers{\textquoteright} long term needs. Solutions will involve new   technology in sheep breeding, biological disease control and novel   approaches to reducing labour associated with sheep. Environmental,   health and welfare issues are shaping up to be major consumer issues by   the 21st century and production techniques will come under closer   scrutiny in future.     },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sumner RMW and Scott ML}
}
@conference {40161,
	title = {The effect of integrated grazing of goats, sheep and cattle on animal productivity and health on high-producing hill country pastures},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {165-170},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A selection experiment at Waikite (Rotorua) began in 1971 with closed Angus herds selected for adjusted 13-month weight (AS1), adjusted 18-month weight (AS2) or with random replacement (ACO). A closed Hereford herd, selected for adjusted 13-month eight (HS1), was also established. At both 13 and 18 months of age, annual responses in live weight in the AS1, HS1 and AS2 herds averaged 0.96, 0.62 and 0.48\% of the ACO herd means (calvings 1972-85). Five correlated responses were estimated. 1. Cow weight: From all ages of cows recorded over 4 seasons (on average 11 years of selection completed), AS1 and AS2 cows were 7.5 and 8.2\% heavier respectively than ACO cows; HS1 cows were 2.5\% heavier than AS1 cows, the same margin as in 1971. 2. Maternal weaning weight: (AS1 and AS2 herds only, relative to ACO): responses was estimated in a tester herd from calvings in 1982-86. The maternal grandsires were selected AS1 and AS2 bulls born after almost 2 generations (6 years) of selection. The AS1 herd was superior by 8.6 kg (5.7\%) and the AS2 herd by 2.2 kg (1.5\%). 3. Scrotal circumference: From the 1982-85 crops, the AS1 and AS2 bulls had respectively 0.9 (P<0.01) and 0.3 cm larger circumferences at 13 months of age and 0.7 (P<0.01) and 0.4 cm below corresponding AS1 values. 4. Height at withers: AS1 and AS2 bulls from the 1981 calf crop were respectively 3.5 and 2.5 cm taller (P<0.05) than the ACO bulls; the HS1 bulls were 2.3 cm taller (P<0.05) than the AS1 bulls. 5. Food intake: Average intake of silage by Angus bulls from the 1980 and 1981 crops were 10.4\% and 11.7\% greater (P<0.01) for AS1 and AS2 than ACO cattle respectively. Expressed relative to body weight, there was no significant difference due to herd. The pooled regression of daily intake of dry matter on 18-month weight was 0.0091 kg/kg (P<0.05), with a correlation of 0.32. The correlations of pre-fasting plasma tryptophan and the fall in plasma tryptophan concentration with average previous intake were 0.50 and 0.41, for bulls fasted over a 48 h period.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bown MD and McCall DG and Scott ML and Watson TG and Dow BW}
}
@conference {40124,
	title = {Calf weaning and summer grazing strategies for efficient beef cow use on hill country},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {237-242},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McCall DG and Scott ML and Dow BW}
}
